Verbs. Plain Verbs Agreement Verbs like, know, wait, think Regular Agreement Verbs xhelpy, xgivey Backwards Agreement Verbs yinvitex, ypick upx Figure 3: Verb classes in German Sign Language 3 Agreement auxiliaries In the previous section, we have shown that plain verbs such as like in exam- ple (1) cannot be inflected for agreement. Interestingly, many sign languages have developed various grammatical means to overcome the agreement gap caused by plain verbs. These sign languages make either use of a specific class of auxiliaries (so-called agreement auxiliaries) or they use non-manual markers such as eye gaze and head tilt to express the agreement relations with plain verbs (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxx 2007; Sapountzaki 2012; Xxxxxx et al. 2000; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2006). In the following, we only focus on agreement auxiliaries since DGS be- longs to the group of sign languages that make use of manual agreement markers. Like agreement verbs, agreement auxiliaries express subject and object agreement by means of path movement and hand orientation. Agree- ment auxiliaries in sign languages differ from typical spoken language aux- iliaries in that they are not used to mark tense, aspect, modality, or voice (so-called TAM auxiliaries) but ‘‘only” to mark agreement with the subject and the object. Genuine agreement auxiliaries seem to be rare in spoken lan- guages. The German auxiliary tun (‘to do’) in (7a), which is frequently used in colloquial variants of German and in many German dialects, might be an exception to this generalization. Unlike other auxiliaries in German, tun is not a XXX xxxxxx, it is not restricted to certain semantic contexts (the cor- responding sentence without tun in example (7b) is functionally identical to its counterpart in (7a)) and its use seems to be functionally very similar to agreement auxiliaries in sign languages (Xxx 2001; Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxx 2007).
Verbs. Hints: find the Subject and ask what he/she/it did underline all Infinitives (to + verb: to run) with them eliminated, your choice for Verb should be clearer circle all Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns, too to eliminate the minor clauses these words introduce SC: if, because, although, when, since, unless RP: that, which, who DEFINITIONS SUBJECTS: First, to be clear, a SUBJECT is a function, a job as opposed to a Part of Speech – in general, a Noun is a Part of Speech, but it can function in a particular sentence as a subject, object, object of preposition, or some other role Nouns or Pronouns and Words, Phrases, & Clauses can function as subjects A SUBJECT does not have to be a single word – subjects can be words, phrases, or clauses functioning in that role (however, in most S-V Agreement exercises, we typically use single-word subjects for clarity) DEFINITIONS SUBJECTS: A SUBJECT is not “what the sentence is about.” that will inevitably lead student-writers to the wrong word especially when it comes to prepositional phrases the OBJECT of the PREPOSITION will not function as the SUBJECT of the sentence too 1 job per sentence DEFINITIONS SUBJECTS: The SUBJECT of the sentence is the performer of the action. think of it as the “quarterback” where the Object is the “receiver” of the action Who or What is performing the action? The SUBJECT can be anywhere in the sentence – so don’t look for it at the start in some sentence structures, it comes after the verb some can even come at the very end of the sentence DEFINITIONS SUBJECTS: Examples: Xxxxx missed the test today in History 225. (1 noun as subject) Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx parked in the far lot this morning. (2 nouns as subject) He felt sick when he discovered the truth. (pronoun as subject) The teacher with a bad toupee wore hats on windy days. (noun phrase as subject) To fail this simple test would be a sin. (infinitive phrase as subject) What this town needs is a new mayor. (relative clause as subject) DEFINITIONS SUBJECTS: Hints: find the VERB first do not look for the Subject within a Prepositional Phrase Parts of Speech serve one role only in a sentence so the Object of the Preposition cannot function as the Subject of the sentence PROCESS HOW-TO: STEP 1: underline all Prepositional Phrases & Infinitives STEP 2: underline all Subordinating Conjunction and Relative Pronoun clauses ST...
Verbs. A. Correct formation of tense (Example of error: I have play in the bank for two years. Correction: I have played in the band for two years.)
Verbs. There is gender marking on all intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs are marked for gender with 3rd person objects and also 1st person inclusive plural subjects. The other person forms in the transitive cross-reference system do not mark for gender.
Verbs. A verb is a word used to indicate an action or state of being. The verb of a sentence indicates an action of body or mind, a state of being, or an occurrence. The verb can change form to show time (tense), person, and number. Each verb needs to agree in number and person with its subject. Examples: Action: Xxxxx spoke quickly. State of being: Xxxxx seems angry. A sentence must contain a subject and a verb to be complete. The subject is the topic of the sentence; it names who or what the sentence is about. The subject is always a noun or pronoun (sometimes with modifiers), and relates directly to the verb.
Verbs. The present chapter describes the verb in Sandawe. Subject/modality markers, negation markers and mediative markers are clitics which are not all necessarily attached to the verb. They are discussed separately in chapter Chapter 5.
