Vehicle Simulations Sample Clauses

Vehicle Simulations. To evaluate the fuel-efficiency benefits of advanced vehicles, each vehicle was designed from the ground up based on each component’s assumptions. The fuel efficiency was then simulated on all the standard driving cycles. The vehicle costs were calculated from each individual component characteristics (e.g. power, energy, weight). Both cost and fuel efficiency will then be used to define the market penetration of each technology to finally estimate the amount of fuel saved. To properly assess the benefits of future technologies, several options were considered, as shown in Figure 1: • Fife vehicle classes: subcompact, midsize car, small SUV, medium SUV, and pickup truck. • Six timeframes: reference (2010), 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2045. All years are “lab year” with a 5 year delay with production year. • Five powertrain configurations: conventional, HEV, PHEV, fuel-cell HEV, and ▇▇▇. • Multiple all electric range: 10, 20, 30, and 40 miles for PHEVs, 100, 200, and 300 miles for BEVs. • Four fuels: gasoline, diesel, ethanol (E85), and compressed natural gas (CNG). • Three risk levels: low, average, and high. These correspond, respectively, to 10 % uncertainty (aligned with original-equipment-manufacturer [OEM] improvements based on regulations), 50 % uncertainty, and 90 % uncertainty (aligned with aggressive technology advancement). These levels are explained more fully below. Overall, more than 5,000 vehicles were defined and simulated in Autonomie. The study does not include mild hybrids and does not focus on tailpipe emissions. ▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ 93 2016 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT Micro hybrid technology is introduced starting in 2030 to replace conventional vehicles. Figure 1 summarizes the options considered. Figure 1: Vehicle classes, timeframes, configurations, fuels, and risk levels