Theories Clause Samples

Theories. The phenomenon of college drinking occurs within its specific environment. The significance of the environment for college drinking has been consistently supported by empirical evidence, such as the College Alcohol Study (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇, ▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2008; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003), NIAAA Task Force on College Drinking (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2002), and related reviews (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, et al., 2002). Thus, to gain a comprehensive understanding of college drinking in China, it is necessary to study both individual and environmental factors affecting alcohol use by Chinese college students. To this end, the social ecological model (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1979; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2008), a theory that emphasizes the macro, immediate, and micro environments of behaviors, provides us with an ideal theoretical framework to investigate correlates of alcohol use at the cultural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal levels of the environment through three studies. Also, related theories were applied in each of the three studies to investigate the associations among specific variables. Consistent with the focus of the social ecological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), interactive associations among study variables at different levels of the environment were investigated in Study 1 and Study 2. Study 1 examined the possible influence of culture on Chinese college students’ drinking-related behaviors. Although a substantial amount of research has demonstrated that heritage and Western culture affected alcohol and other substance use among minority adolescents and young adults in Western societies (Hendershot, MacPherson, ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇, 2005; Le, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2009; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2002), related research with non-Western younger populations has been very limited. Based on the proposition that cultural variables serve as contextual effect modifiers of other lower level factors (▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002 ; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇, 2009), Study 1 addressed the gap that no prior research had studied the potential moderating role of culture in the relationship between peer influence and alcohol use among college students in non-Western societies. Additionally, based on theories of adolescent substance use (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Donnermeryer, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998), peer influence was tested as a potential mediator of cultural variables. Given the evidence that acculturation theory may be applicab...

Theories. An applied theory is a certain instance, or in- terpretation of a pure theory, where the question of ontological commitment arises. Depending on a given interpretation, the ontological commitments of an applied theory can be light- or heavy-weight. 5for instance, suppose ▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇ are identical twins. We wonder how things might have been if ▇▇▇ had been a girl. In a world where there exists an object, Tix, which is exactly like ▇▇▇, Tix is overall the most similar object to ▇▇▇, but is not ▇▇▇’s counterpart. for, the context demands a counterpart which is both similar to ▇▇▇ and a girl. As will be explicated in 2.2.1, pure possible-worlds semantic theories aim to illu- minate the semantics of a formal language and are completely uninterpreted pieces of mathematics. Such theories do not bring ontological commitment to possible worlds and objects in them, and cannot be said to be about modality. for, the for- mal language for which the semantic (model-theoretic) theory is given does not have a pre-determined subject matter. An impure or applied version of a pure possible-worlds semantics has (a certain kind of) modality (or, temporality, propositional attitude, etc.) as its subject matter and brings ontological commitment to possible worlds and objects in them. De- pending on which semantic features of a modal language are the target of a given applied theory and which kind of elucidation is intended by the theory, the onto- logical commitments of an impure possible-worlds semantic theory can be light- or heavy-weight. In general, pure theories belong to the realm of mathematical logic (in particular, model theory) and are not obviously associated with a specific subject matter (e.g., modality, temporality, etc.), whilst applied theories are asserted with the purpose of illuminating the semantics of a language which is intended to be about a certain sub- ject matter. However, it is not the case that every applied theory brings an equal on- tological burden. Minimal applications do not require an account of what possible worlds are, whereas metaphysically ambitious applications need to give an account of what possible worlds are. There are at least two ways in which the distinction between pure and applied (semantic) theories can be used in the context of CT, i.e., one can think of CT as a pure theory and meaningfully talk about its applied instances. first, this distinction can be generally extended to the case of formal translations. A pure formal transla...

Theories. Using a theoretical analysis, Bandersnatch blurs the line between interactive film and video game. When analyzing interactive film today, there is a clear difference between Bandersnatch, Heavy Rain and other FMV titles, making a comparison to the level of interactivity in either title inappropriate for in-depth analysis. To accurately analyze Bandersnatch in a theoretical lens, interactive film ideally is best understood as its own medium rather than a media convergence of traditional film and video games. Due to the sparse and dated literary and scholarly landscape, theories on interactive film medium specificity are unclear, yet present opportunities to understand interactive film through an analysis of certain aspects of video games. Considering its level of interactivity, solely using theories of inherent interactivity in film today and video game theory is inadequate and rather demands a new definition of exactly what differentiates interactive film from video games.

Theories. Why does criminal law outline illegal acts? And for whom is it outlined? The motivations behind the creation of the system as a whole drive the power designated to those who work in it and affect the outcomes of those targeted by it. Three overarching theories to understand criminal law and its distinction from civil law are punitive, communitarian, and preventative. Punitive views of criminal law claim that the legal code established for crimes is solely to deliver 22 ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 24 “▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. Ohio.” Oyez, (1967). The Court held that an officer may stop or ▇▇▇▇▇ a suspect without any probable cause to arrest if there is reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed, is committing, or will commit a crime. Reasonable suspicion needs to be more than a “hunch” where “a reasonably prudent man” would be warranted in believing the individual poses a threat or is engaging in suspicious behavior. “▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ v. United States.” Legal Information Institute, (1949). The Court held that probable cause exists insofar as the facts and circumstances available to the officer are sufficient to warrant a belief that a crime is being committed, and would be so to “a man of reasonable caution.” justified punishment to offenders while outlining to potential offenders punishable acts.25 While the components which make punishment justified may be unknown, its engraining in law deems it sufficient for application. A communitarian view to criminal law argues that law acts as an instrument of the community, providing justice on behalf of all in the community. As opposed to civil law which regulates disputes among individuals, or between some, criminal law is for the benefit of all in the community - laws are for the protection of the entirety.26 These two views are applied following the commission of an act and into the criminal proceedings, interpreting the purpose of the law as a response to previous action. The third view, preventative, theorizes criminal law pre-crime. Criminal law as preventative means that the wrongdoings are explicit and the punishments that could ensue are known before any commission occurs. Since an individual is either aware of or has open access to the laws concerning what action is considered a crime and the consequences that can arise, the desire to endure those repercussions is, in theory, lesser than the desire to commit them.27 But under this logic, it is important to consider whether the repercussions are weighted equally to the criminal act, or ...

Theories. ‌ This section makes a simple point: building (and preserving) “theories” is a good way to reuse ideas. In spite of the point being simple, we must make sure that it is not forgotten and draw some conclusions from it. ▇▇▇▇ [Dah78] made the point that if each formal development is to start with a blank sheet, only trivial examples will ever be developed formally. A key way to reuse ideas is to develop theories of, for example, data structures and to store these theories as stepping stones to other developments. The point has been illustrated with the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇ algorithm for recording equivalence classes in [Jon90, Chapter 11] and the link to theories made explicit in [▇▇▇▇▇]. The basic mechanism for separating and storing such concepts is available in the Rodin Toolset: it is the “context”. Furthermore, the proposed “Mathematical Extensions” (cf. Chapter 1) will make it far easier to develop theories. One matter that might require further extension is the ability to have “higher order” types. Chapter 4‌

Theories