Simulation tools. Wind turbine loads are simulated with modern dynamic simulation tools. Most of the simulation tools are dedicated programs used solely for simulating wind turbine loads like e.g. BLADED, Flex5, HawC, or FOCUS. Recently, commercial dynamic analysis codes (XXXXX, SAMCEF and SIMPACK) were introduced for wind turbine load simulations. The commercial analysis codes provide advanced models that are more capable of accurately modelling turbine components. Most turbine manufactures still use the first group of simulation codes, i.e. the dedicated wind turbine dynamic simulation codes for load simulations due to familiarity and the high computational speeds. Flex5 and BLADED are currently the industry standards, although many manufacturers have developed their own in-house simulation tools, typically as add-ons or further developments of the FLEX5 code. The dedicated wind turbine simulation codes use the Blade Element Momentum method (BEM) in order to determine the aerodynamical loads experienced by a wind turbine system. The programs also have the capability to create turbulent wind fields that are used in the subsequent BEM simulation. The BEM method allows for the simplification of the wind turbine aerodynamics by using the non dimensional airfoil lift, drag and moment coefficients and assuming each section of the blade is radially independent. The forces on the blade are determined by the lift and drag created at each section by the inflow conditions. The torque and thrust is calculated by integrating the lift and drag along the blade section [25]. The loads of the wind turbine system are determined from these loads and the dynamics they create in the wind turbine system. Several corrections are made after the initial aerodynamical calculations. The Prandtl tip loss factor is used to correct for a finite number of blades that alters the actual wake vortex. The Glauert correction corrects for large axial induction factors. Other corrections can be added to modify the calculated airfoil lift and drag coefficients to handle dynamic wake effects, stall delay and hysteresis. The BLADED and Flex5 codes take advantage of the modal reduction technique in order to optimize the amount of computer memory and time necessary to run the simulations. The motions of the blades can be simplified to a combination of mode shapes. The mode shapes, used in the code Flex5, are shown in Figure 2.14. The determination of the deflected shape during operation, and the changing loads due...
Simulation tools. At the current stage of the project, one possible solution to the problem of building sensors that survive high temperatures is to create a shell of a highly insulating material and fill this shell with a material that absorbs the energy transmitted through the insulation through phase change, high specific heat and/or evaporation. As part of the work towards a XXX sensor that survives high temperatures, a Matlab/Comsol hybrid tool will be developed for optimizing the ratio between the amount of insulation and the amount of heat absorbing material. This tool may be extended to supporting multiple materials of both types.
Simulation tools. The corresponding simulation tools will be based on the mathematical models with empirical origins generated from the experiments. The simulation tools will aim at facilitating the prognosis of virtual batches so that different product qualities can be traced and posi- tioned in product warehouses along the transportation chain. This task is non-trivial since the continuous product flow at the plant is made discrete by intermittent use of conveyor sys- tems, by collecting the product into iron ore freight trains and freight boats.
Simulation tools. We use ARM FastModels together with our gMemNoCsim tool. Next we describe how these tools are used to model the target system. ARM FastModels simulator provides out of the box programmer’s view models of the ARM processors. It is thus both functionally accurate and easy to use since ARM processors models are already implemented as an Instruction Set Simulator. We use this simulator to model the quad-core Cortex-A15 MPCore part of the target system and to run on top of this the targeted applications. The model of Cortex-A15 provided with FastModels is capable of running basic applications, but it does not cover all the requirements of an operating system, which is needed to evaluate and benchmark parallel applications. We thus use a more complex model also provided with FastModels (namely RTSM-VE Cortex-A15) that allows the simulation of both operating systems and applications. In this RTSM-VE model, as seen on Fig. 13, the cores are connected directly to a Versatile Express platform through a 64-bits AXI bus. This platform includes the Motherboard Express uATX, which has been especially designed to support future generations of ARM processors, and the CoreTile Express daughterboard with the on-board DDR2 SDRAM. The motherboard provides the following features: • Peripherals for multimedia or networking environments. • All motherboard peripherals and functions are accessed through a static memory bus to simplify access from daughterboards. • Consistent memory maps with different processor daughterboards simplify software development and porting. • Supports FPGA and processor daughterboards to provide custom peripherals, or early access to processor designs, or production test chips. The daughterboard contains the Cortex-A15 ARM processor model.
Simulation tools. Agencies use simulation tools to analyze operations of both transit and traffic to conduct needs assessments, alternatives analysis, environmental impact studies, and operations planning. These tools include microscopic simulation, mesoscopic simulation, or macroscopic simulation. Archived Operations Data Traffic surveillance data on freeways, typically volumes, speeds, and lane occupancies. Traffic Signal Optimization Tools Traffic optimization tool methodologies are mostly based on the HCM procedures and are primarily designed to develop optimal signal phasing and timing plans for isolated signal intersections, Arterial Street, or signal networks. Operations-oriented Performance Measures/Metrics
