Sample Characteristics Sample Clauses

Sample Characteristics. The majority of women reported low involvement in household decision making (N=1,796, 44.3%) with fewer women reporting medium involvement (N=1,257, 31.0%) and high involvement (N=999, 24.7%). The individual decision making indicators indicate that joint decision making between the respondent and the husband occurs most frequently followed by the husband’s exclusive decision making. Women’s exclusive decision making was in the majority only for daily household purchases. On average, women had 2.8 children (range 0-9). Relative to their community’s fertility- related gender norm, 1,593 (39.3%) women were categorized as normative. Similar numbers of women were classified as deviant below (30.7%) and deviant above (30.0%) their community norm. A majority of women had at least one living child (89.4%), and a majority of women had at least one living son (73.3%). Approximately one-quarter of respondents reported experiencing IPV within the year preceding the BDHS. Respondents’ mean age was 30.3 years. Respondents had completed 4.2 years of schooling on average, and the majority of women had less education than their spouse (N=2,951, 72.8%). Husbands were absent from approximately 9% of respondents’ homes (N=352). Women were married a mean 15 years. Approximately 60% were from rural settings, and about half (55.9%) maintained some form of economic involvement via employment or women’s development organizations. Additional respondent characteristics are available in Table 1. Results of the three mediation analyses are presented in Table 2. Odds ratios e|β coef.| (OR) are presented to facilitate interpretation of each predictors’ association with the dependent variable. Step 1 and Step 3 were modeled using generalized ordered logistic regression. In each step, a few variables violated the proportional odds assumption indicating that the effect of these variables was not constant across all levels of the outcome, women’s involvement in household decision making. Accordingly, these parameters were left unconstrained and two ORs are presented; The first odds ratio (with superscript ‘a’) predicts medium or high involvement in decision-making as opposed to low, and the second odds ratio (with superscript ‘b’) predicts high involvement compared to medium and low involvement. Each model is discussed step by step. In Model 1, Step 1, the quadratic individual fertility term was the only fertility measure with a significant association with women’s empowerment. Since the OR...

Sample Characteristics. Table 1 : Sample characteristics of Delphi 1st, 2nd and 3rd round Country N° of experts Gender Institutions where experts are employed How long experts are involved in organic sector (years )

Sample Characteristics. The average age was 19.4 years (standard deviation, 2.1). The sample was multiethnic, with 64% African American, 26% Hispanic, 6% Asian Pacific Islander, 3% White, and 1% Mixed or Other Ethnicity. Most (95%) were born in the United States. About three- quarters (78%) of participants had not completed high school, 80% were currently unemployed, 62% earned less than $500 in employment income during the past 30 days, 30% had unstable housing (e.g., living in a shelter, substance use treatment center, at a friend’s place, or on the streets), and 28% had a history of incarceration. Ten percent had completed sex reassignment surgery. For those in relationships, the average length of the relationship with a male primary partner was 2.9 years (standard deviation, 3.9). Fifty-nine percent of participants had been in their primary relationship for over 1 year. Over half (51%) currently lived with their male primary partner, and 62% described their relationship as monogamous. Since the beginning of the relationship with their male primary partner, 41% had ever had sex with an outside partner; 16% had sex with an outside partner during the past 3 months. Forty-one percent reported being HIV positive, and 13% had been diagnosed or showed symptoms for another sexually transmitted infection during the past 12 months. During the past 3 months, 58% used any alcohol, 32% had ever been intoxicated, 63% had used any illicit drugs, and 5% injected drugs. Drugs used most frequently during the past 3 months in this sample were marijuana (55%), ecstasy (15%), amphetamines (13%), and cocaine (10%). Fifty-nine percent met criteria for clinical depression. [Insert Table 1.0] Participants were asked if they strongly agreed (1), agreed (2), neither agreed nor disagreed (3), disagreed (4), or strongly disagreed (5). Scores for each question were obtained by calculating the mean (average) score using this numerical scale, so that a higher score indicated higher HIV knowledge or perception of risk. For questions assessing perceptions of risk, the lowest means were on the avoidance of HIV information question. For questions assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge, the two questions regarding cleaning syringes used to inject drugs and hormones had the lowest means overall. Due to the higher viscosity of injectable hormone medications, it is unlikely that cleaning syringes is effective in completely eliminating the transmission risk of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. The knowledge scores ranged fro...

Sample Characteristics. The mindfulness and the relaxation groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, and education. See Table 1 for an overview of the socio-demographic sample characteristics. Table 1- Participant socio-demographics of the mindfulness and relaxation groups Mindfulness (n= 20) Relaxation (n= 20) Comparison Age: M (SD) range 38.75 (11.80) (22-62) 38.25 (9.73) (27-60) t = .15 df= 38 p= .89 Gender: n (%) Female Males 14 (70%) 6 (30%) 14 (70%) 6 (30%) χ2 = .00 df = 1 p = 1.00 Marital status: n (%) Single Married/Cohabiting Separated/Divorced 13 (65%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%) 8 (40%) 7 (35%) 5 (25%) χ2 = 2.51 df = 2 p = .40 Ethnicity: n (%) White Black/Black British Mixed 15 (75%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 12 (60%) 8 (40%) 0 (0%) χ2 = 4.87 df = 2 p = .07 Education achieved: n (%) Secondary Tertiary BA/BSc Post-grad (Masters/PhD) 6 (30%) 14 (70%) 12 (60%) 2 (10%) 7 (35%) 13 (65%) 6 (30%) 7 (35%) χ2 = 4.86 df = 2 p = .09

Sample Characteristics. In considering the potential impact of an SSR, we focus on all the noncustodial fathers in our sample, and then consider effects for noncustodial fathers by income (below 100 percent of the federal poverty line, and below 200 percent of the federal poverty line).3 Child support guidelines are not generally applied differentially to divorced versus unmarried fathers. However, much of the related policy discussion has focused on low-income fathers who have not been married (e.g., ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2017; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇, 2011). Accordingly, we also report results separately for fathers who owe support only for nonmarital births, and for fathers who owe support to at least some marital children. Table 1 provides information on the characteristics of each sample. Among all fathers, about half owe support only to children who were born outside of marriage. The rate of nonmarital births was higher (64 to 65 percent) for fathers with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Table 1 shows that fathers in our sample were about 38 years old on average, though lower income fathers, and fathers with only nonmarital births were, on average, younger. In the sample as a whole, 51 percent of fathers were white non-Hispanic, 21 percent were black non-Hispanic, and 14 percent were Hispanic (14 percent were other, or did not have race or ethnicity identified). There were fewer cases with unknown race or ethnicity among lower income samples (as expected, given greater program participation, and more extensive information in the MSPF data set). Among those with incomes below 100 percent of the poverty line, 42 percent were white non-Hispanic, 38 percent were black non-Hispanic and 18 percent were Hispanic (with only 2 percent other or unknown). For lower-income fathers, whites were under-represented, and blacks over-represented, among fathers who only owe support to nonmarital children. Just over half of fathers in our sample had one child, and only 18 percent had three or more. Fathers with some marital children were considerably less likely than the full 3Note that this subgroup ignores custodial parent income; those with low noncustodial parent income will include some custodial parents with low-income and some without low-income. Table 1: Characteristics of noncustodial fathers all noncustodial fathers Fathers with only nonmarital children Fathers with Any Marital children All Income below the FPL Income up to twice the FPL All Income below the FPL Income up to...

Sample Characteristics. Sample characteristics are reported in table 1. A total of 3,581 participants were included in the reviewed studies. Sample sizes ranged from 23 participants (▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, 2020) to 744 participants (▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2017). Participants included in the studies were aged 16 to 70 years. There was a strong trend towards participants being female. Ten of the 19 studies reported their sample as 100% female whereas the other 9 studies included male participants, although the proportion of males was still quite low ranging from 2% (Cardi et al., 2018) to 35% (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2012). In terms of clinical diagnosis, 6 studies included a sample of participants with AN only, and 3 studies included only participants with BED. The remaining studies involved more than one diagnosis, with 5 studies including participants with AN and BN and 2 studies involving all three conditions (i.e. AN, BN, BED). Only four studies reported duration of illness, which ranged from 7.1 years (▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2012) to 10.5 years (Cardi et al., 2014). The majority of studies (N = 14) reported the Body Mass Index for participants, which varied depending on the clinical group included (see table 1 for details).

Sample Characteristics. About 85% of women were in ‘free unions’, or common-law partnerships, and 15% were legally married (Table 1). Participants were between 18-49 years of age with an average age of 35 (SD 8.04). Women’s partners were between the ages of 24-65 with an average age of 40 (SD 10.35) years of age. The majority (61%) of women had partners that were older. Women had an average of 3 (SD 1.69) children living at home and had been displaced between 3-19 years with an average of 10 (SD 3.25) years. The majority of women (76%) and their partners (70%) had a secondary education or less. Over half of the women were with the same partner they had been with before being displaced. Only 4 women (12%) were not working. Women who were working often had several income- generating activities. The majority of women (88%) had worked in the prior month, either from home (21%), at an outside location (39%), or both (27%). Fifteen participants (45%) reported IPV by their current partner. Data from the interviews was organized into a conceptual framework consisting of four main components; (1) the contextual circumstances in which the women and their partners currently live, (2) women’s perceptions of gender normative behaviors for men and women, (3) men’s unemployment and women’s employment, and (4) intimate partner violence (Figure 1). These four domains reflect the influence of societal, community, interpersonal and personal factors on IPV as discussed in the IPV theories section above. Contextual circumstances of displacement and current living conditions, such as weakened social networks and a lack of employment opportunities contributed to stress and a lack of social support, which in turn created conflict within relationships. Within this setting, women and their partners still largely subscribed to patriarchal gender norms even though circumstances dictated changes in gender roles, most notable in men’s and women’s employment. The way in which couples’ employment was viewed as transgressive or conforming by each partner impacted the quality of the relationship and the occurrence of IPV.

Sample Characteristics. As outlined earlier, 173 young people met study criteria for ‘pure’ psychosis, 1346 were classified as physically aggressive only, and 39 showed both patterns of difficulty. As these figures suggest, physical aggression was reported in approaching a fifth of all cases with diagnoses of psychosis (39/212, 18.4%); by contrast, only 2.9% of cases with marked aggressive symptomatology had evidence of psychosis (39/1385). Within the complete psychosis sample, rates of aggression were very similar in young people with affective psychosis (16.7% - 11/66) as compared to those with non-affective psychosis (19.2% - 28/146 χ2 (1) = 0.19, p=0.662).

Sample Characteristics. The sample for the crude and adjusted weighted analyses was comprised of all individuals who completed the ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire (n=29,884). The weighted analyses specified that the population of interest was HIV negative women age 15-24 years who were sexually active within the last 12 months. The final sample for the crude and adjusted unweighted estimates included only women, age 15-24 years, who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months, and were HIV negative from the original ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire dataset (n= 2,112). Table 1 shows the weighted frequencies for factors of interest collected in the socio- demographic data and reproductive, sexual activity, and gender norm modules of the ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire. Overall, most of our study population were 20-24 years of age, had attended at least secondary school or higher, were married or lived with a partner, resided in rural areas, had been pregnant, and had one sexual partner in the last 12 months. The weighted country-level estimate for having ever tested for HIV among our study population of interest is 84.7%. Among AGYW who had ever tested for HIV in comparison with AGYW who had never tested for HIV, a greater proportion were age 20-24 years compared to age 15-19 years, attended secondary education or higher, lived in urban areas, have ever been pregnant, used modern contraceptive methods, and participated in age-similar relationships. Chi-square tests were conducted for the bivariate analyses of the factors of interest in comparison with the outcome. All factors were significantly associated with having ever tested for HIV (significance level of α= 0.05) except for transactional sex.