Radiographs. Plain radiographs of the chest, abdomen and extremities are routinely collected in clinical practice and represent a valuable and inexpensive tool for detection of VC in both the general population [339] and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [340]. Lateral lumbar radiographs can also accurately detect AC and careful examination may even distinguish between intimal and medial calcification [313]. Medial calcification is usually characterised on plain radiographs as linear lesions visible along the course of an artery (Figure 1.12), whereas intimal calcification is more characteristically identified by patchy and irregular radio-opaque lesion [341].
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