Problem Stream Sample Clauses

Problem Stream. The analysis of the problem stream will strive to explore whether expectation 1 can be confirmed. The timeframe of the problem stream is between 2013 and 2018. In 2013 ▇▇▇▇▇ presented his Climate Action Plan (CAP) in which his administration strived to regulate the fossil-fuel industry. 2018 is a year after the withdrawal and is used to provide context and explore the reaction by Fox News to the withdrawal. By examining this timeframe under both administrations it will strive to provide evidence for their allegedly partisan framing. The operationalization of this stream is done by identifying a focussing event and the use of symbolic literary devices (Stone, 2011). It will start with Fox News its depiction of climate change, then a depiction of ▇▇▇▇▇’s climate policies and Fox News its depiction of the Paris agreement. In doing so, it will analyse whether expectation 1 can be confirmed.

Problem Stream. The problem stream is where the perceptions of problems are defined. Problems are conditions and issues that matter to the public (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2015). These problems deviate from an ideal standard and governments should therefore act to resolve these issues such as climate change. However, many problems deviate from an ideal standard. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1995) describes a process in which the problems can become more prominent and coupled with the other streams. These parameters are indicators, focusing events and feedback. The purpose of these parameters is to attract attention from policymakers. The first parameter is indicators. Indicators are used in a specific area to heighten attention to a specific problem. For instance, environmental indicators, such as the number of wildfires in California in a certain year or the number of environmental regulations made which cripple the fossil-fuel industry. Indicators can thus determine the presence of a problem and its weight. The second parameter in the problem stream is focusing events. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1998) argues that a focusing event is a harmful or potentially harmful event. Focusing events harm certain communities and can mobilize interest groups (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). These interest groups (e.g. the media, policy entrepreneurs or the public) strive to increase the attention towards certain problems and advocate for policy change. These groups can argue that the current policies are considered to be policy failures and should therefore be changed (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998: ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2009). Focusing events are thus considered to be (sudden) crises that place pressure on policymakers to act and resolve the issue (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2015: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1995: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). An example could be the recent snowstorm in Texas which crippled the state and showed policy failures regarding the power grid in Texas. Another example could be the Climate Action Plan of the Obama administration. When ▇▇▇▇▇ announced the Climate Action Plan, Republicans and the fossil-fuel industry lobby, mobilized their communities to oppose the Plan. They argued that the Climate Action Plan would be a policy failure and would unnecessarily harm the US economy (Dayaratna et al., 2016: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2015). Furthermore, they stated that the proposed regulations in the plan would cost billions of dollars with almost no benefits in return (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2016: ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2015). The last parameter in the problem stream is feedback. There may be feedback within existing programs an...