Previous Literature Clause Samples
The "Previous Literature" clause defines how prior published works, studies, or academic sources are acknowledged and referenced within an agreement or document. Typically, this clause outlines the requirement to cite relevant existing research, clarifies the extent to which previous findings are incorporated, and may specify the standards for attribution or use of such literature. By establishing clear guidelines for referencing earlier works, the clause helps prevent plagiarism, ensures proper credit is given, and maintains academic or professional integrity in the use of existing knowledge.
Previous Literature. Despite the fact that several studies have previously examined the impact of minimum wages on employment and monetary outcomes, no consensus has been reached on how employment and earnings of low-wage workers are impacted by changes to wage floors. While the majority of work has looked at the US, previous work on the implementation of the NMW in the UK has no significant employment effects (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003) and no effects on hours worked (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003). Previous research has provided evidence that the NMW affected the overall wage distribution in the UK substantially and that it successfully decreased wage inequality in the decade after its introduction (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; Dolton et al., 2012), which was one of the proclaimed policy goals of the government. Researchers have furthermore provided evidence for spillover effects of the policy change, meaning that workers who previously earned slightly above the new wage floor also received wage increases immediately following the reform, whereas wages of high earners remained unaffected (Butcher et al., 2012; Arulampalam et al., 2004). Similar evidence for the presence of spillover effects of minimum wage policies has been shown for the US (Card and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1995). Only a few studies so far have examined the relationship between minimum wages and non-monetary job attributes. Previous work testing for the association of wage floors and employment-based health insurance has delivered mixed results (Simon and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; Marks, 2011; Bucila, 2013). To my knowledge, the only other non- monetary job aspect that has that has previously been examined is work-related training of low-wage workers. Arulampalam et al. (2004) finds that the NMW introduction significantly increased the amount of training obtained by low-wage workers. A literature regarding the relationship between minimum wage laws and health had been non-existent until recently. Two studies provide mixed evidence when examining the association between state variations of minimum wages and individual BMI in the US (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇, 2011; Cotti and ▇▇▇▇▇, 2013). Furthermore, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. (2012) indicate that increased minimum wages are associated with higher rates of fatal traffic accidents among drivers under the legal drinking age. Others have mentioned the possibility of a positive relationship between minimum wage and public health outcomes without providing empirical eviden...
Previous Literature. While, as ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ notes, “the question of the ‘wrong body’ may be read as the theoretical lens through which meanings of transgender are presently contested” (▇▇▇▇▇ 60), this does not mean that much attention is paid to it as a trope, rather than a term of theoretical contestation, employed and refuted as a trope of the various meanings contested. Moreover, the ‘wrong body’ is often set so central, either as subject to ideology critique or “taken at face value as if it expressed in some straightforward way the truth of the body with no subject to name, to interpret, or to question it” (Elliot 108), that the numerous other transgender tropes get – if any – much less attention. There is, thus, no study with this project’s particular focus and approach in existence. Marking two very different moments in the development of Transgender Studies as a field, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’▇ first book, Second Skins, which stepped into new territory, and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’▇ much more recent Assuming a Body are the two monographs that have shaped the conversation that this dissertation is taking up – and that have in many ways shaped my own thinking about the language of transgender experience. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ in his 1998 book was very much concerned with transsexual narratives and in particular with using “transition” to denote an “ontological condition of transsexuality” (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Second Skins 5). Partly in response to the way certain strands of Feminist and Queer Theory had used transgender as a prime example of gender performativity, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ staked a claim for transsexual narratives’ “bid to the referentiality of sex” and sought to “allow transsexuality through its narratives to bring into view the materiality of the body” (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Second Skins 12). While ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’▇ book touched on (but didn’t focus on) a number of transgender tropes, made a very valuable intervention into a certain strand of Queer Theory, and as the first explicitly transsexual cultural studies perspective is a milestone in Transgender Studies, my project clearly departs from his in terms of sources, methods, and objectives insofar as Second Skins is engaged in reading narratives (and photographs) in search of grounding ontological claims. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ would come back to revise the thesis of his first book and move from a model of redemptive/triumphant referentiality to one of inevitable, constitutive failure: “This failure to be real is the transsexual real” (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Light 172) (see below, ch. III). However, in grou...
Previous Literature. A number of previous studies have investigated the relationship between household income and self-reported health status. Case et al. (2002) set the groundwork for this area of research by finding a significant positive relationship between family income and health of children younger than seventeen years of age in the United States. Applying similar setups as Case et al. (2002), many studies have since then investigated the existence of an income/health gradient in Canada (▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇), ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (Adda et al., 2009; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2007; Propper et al., ▇▇▇▇), ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2009), and Germany (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and Jürges, 2012). As a result of the findings in these studies, the existence of the income gradient in health became widely acknowledged.
Previous Literature