Mali Sample Clauses

Mali. The Compagnie malienne de developpement des textiles (CMDT), a parastatal cotton marketing body, supplied farmers with cotton, improved cereal seeds, inorganic fertilisers and pesticides, as well as agricultural extension advice. When fertiliser prises rose with devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994, the soil fertility strategy needed to be modified by integrated methods such as the application of manure, the demand of which rose as a consequence. With the implementation of structural adjustment programmes, subsidised credit programmes ended and made inorganic fertiliser inputs more expensive and harder to provide. Organic and chemical fertilisers are therefore mainly applied to cotton with cereals receiving the residual benefits in the following year. The availability of credit and inputs are linked to cotton cultivation. Credit and inputs are available on the open market, but not many farmers have left the CMDT system, preferring the security of input supplies, transportation and guaranteed price deriving from credit and inputs for cotton. In this respect intensifying the production of other crops such as maize is directly linked to cotton (Scoones 2002). In a survey performed by PAN, farmers could name pesticides they used, but found it difficult to follow instructions about how to use the products (Glin 2006). Vegetables are treated with fipronil, endrin, carbofuran, DDT, deltamitrin, lindane (Xxxxxxxxx 2008), highly persistent and hazardous chemicals, all proven to have adverse impacts on birds.

Mali. The four publications from Mali included studies on the scope of unsafe abortion, voluntary intoxication, and characteristics associated with women who procure unsafe abortions:

Mali. Mali has medium state capacity. The Malian conflict is a ter- ritorial one, with the rebels demanding special autonomy to guard against unequal allocation of resources and aid and little political input in the capital (Poulton & Youssouf, 1998; Xxxxx, 2001). In addition, the corruption of the one-party state encouraged the rebellions which started in 1990 (Poulton & Youssouf, 1998; Xxxxx, 2001). In an attempt to end the fight- ing, two peace agreements were signed. The Tamanrasset Accord, mediated by Algeria, included ceasefire and DDR provisions. Unfortunately, this agreement would not last for long, largely as a result of low state capacity (King & Xxxx, 0000; Poulton & Youssouf, 1998). The agree- ment’s DDR provisions were a primary factor in this failure. First, there was resistance to the integration of rebel troops; second, the actual cost of paying thousands of new military xxx- aries was beyond the capability of the government (Poulton & Youssouf, 1998); and third, implementation of the agreement was difficult to enforce because of conflicting interests (Lode, 2002).