Imputation Methodologies. The predictive mean matching imputation method was used to impute missing expenditures. This procedure uses regression models (based on events with completely reported expenditure data) to predict total expenses for each event. Then, for each event with missing payment information, a donor event with the closest predicted payment with the same pattern of expected payment sources as the event with missing payment was used to impute the missing payment value. Within each event type file, separate imputations were performed for flat fee and simple events. Separate imputations were performed for visits to physicians (where MPCELIG=1) and visits to non-physician providers (where MPCELIG=2). After the imputations were finished, visits to physician and non-physician providers were combined into a single medical provider file. The weighted sequential hot-deck procedure was used to impute the missing total charges. This procedure uses survey data from respondents to replace missing data while taking into account the persons’ weighted distribution in the imputation process.
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Sources: Data Use Agreement, Data Use Agreement, Data Use Agreement