Historical Context. In light of the facts that both the composition of the bargaining unit and definitions of seniority have changed over the years, the parties recognize and mutually now reaffirm the following significant dates:
Historical Context. THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT Every society treats gender and gender differences in a culturally specific way. Moreover, social relations and structures everywhere evolve over time, creating new variations. It is striking, though, that men have always had a leading position in the majority of cultures, while women have been to a lesser or greater degree subordinated. It was not until the 19th century that groups of women openly and systematically started defying the existing social gender division, and resisting oppression. To better understand the present position of women in Mexican society, and in particular of indigenous women, it is important to look at certain historical evolutions, and to place current research in the context of feminism, including indigenous feminism. The history of feminism can be divided in different phases. Usually, the concept of ‘waves’ is used to indicate the different periods, however, it is important to realize that this term should be used with caution. Different types of activism existed and still exist simultaneously, and others overlap (XxXxxxxxx, 2000: 210). The division in waves is therefore only used to indicate general trends. As there are specialized studies discussing feminist history in detail, the goal here is not to give a complete overview, but rather to point to certain trends that are relevant for this work. A brief overview will be given of the history of the feminist movement in the West, looking at general evolutions in Europe, in particular the United Kingdom, and in the United States of America, both precursors regarding women’s rights. In Mexico, feminism developed almost in parallel with the movement in Europe and the U.S.A., but showed certain particularities worth explaining to understand the current situation of women in Mexico. In colonial times, some individual actions of female resistance can be noted in Mexico. In the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, there was a first wave of feminist initiatives of Mexican women who openly started striving for the improvement of their rights. In her work Contra viento y marea: el movimiento feminista en México hasta 1940 (2002), Xxxx Xxxxxx writes extensively about the first period of the feminist struggle, starting around the time of the Mexican Independence. It shows the long tradition of Mexican feminism, but also that feminism has often been used for political purposes rather than for the real improvement of the position of women. Xxxxxx’ very comple...
Historical Context. Throughout the previous 80 years many people were forcibly removed from their own Homeland Estates and contained on mission sites within the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People's collective Homeland Estate. Some of the people living within that Homeland Estate are at present Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Islander members of our community who live here by choice. Both the historical and present circumstances and choices are acknowledged by the Jagera, Xxxxxxx and Ugarapul People and we recognise that many bring their cultural understanding and practices with them. As a result there are Elders who are people who have historical connection to the area and are recognised by the Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Islander community residing within the boundaries of the Homeland Estate of the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People. Currently there are over 13,000 Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Strait Islander persons living within the Brisbane and Ipswich areas. It is therefore important to recognise the Traditional Custodians with respects to their homelands and culture so as to not impact upon their rights or perpetuate displacement. Due to the standing and rights of the Traditional Custodians with respect to their homelands it is also important to ensure that there is not a misconception about cultural practices and significant cultural symbols, as Aboriginal People are not a homogenous group and are different Nations with different languages and symbology (included in artwork and body markings). Consulting with the Traditional Custodians on Welcomes, significant ceremonies and other cultural events will support us in preserving our Laws and Lore and help us to promote awareness and understanding among the broader community about the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People and their Homeland Estate.
Historical Context. 3. Industry and university cooperation has been shaped by historical and recent events. The United States Xxxxxxx Act of 1862 created “land-grant colleges” directed towards the application of new technological advances in agriculture and engineering to enhance the economic growth and competitiveness of the agricultural industry. Years later, World War II and the Cold War U.S. rivalry with the Soviet Union spawned new and more diverse partnerships between industry and academia, prompting the investment of billions of dollars in scientific research as a national priority and giving rise to the research university.
Historical Context. The partition of the Indian subcontinent created a conflict over the waters of the Indus basin. In 1951, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx wrote an influential article in Colliers magazine suggesting that the World Bank use its good offices to bring India and Pakistan to an agreement over how to share and manage the river system. The President of the World Bank, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxx, agreed to act as a conduit of agreement between the two states. Finally, in 1960, after several years of arduous negotiations did an agreement take shape. Even today, the Indus Waters Treaty is the only agreement that has been faithfully implemented and upheld by both India and Pakistan. Following the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001, several high profile commentators in India suggested that the treaty should be scrapped, though the Indian government made no intimations that it was considering such a move. [For further information...] Abridged Text of Indus Waters Treaty (Signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960). The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan, being equally desirous of attaining the most complete and satisfactory utilization of the waters of the Indus system of rivers and recognizing the need, therefore, of fixing and delineating, in a spirit of goodwill and friendship, the rights and obligations of each in relation to the other concerning the use of these waters and of making provision for the settlement, in a cooperative spirit, of all such questions as may hereafter arise in regard to the interpretation or application of the provisions agreed upon herein, have resolved to conclude a Treaty in furtherance of these objectives, and for this purpose have named as their plenipotentiaries: The Government of India: Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Prime Minister of India, and The Government of Pakistan: Field Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxx, H.P., H.J., President of Pakistan, who, having communicated to each other their respective Full Powers and having found them in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles and An
Historical Context. In 1989, shortly after the conversion to cooperative ownership, the Board of Directors adopted a policy designed to (1) provide flexibility to shareholders who need to sublet for economic and personal reasons and (2) maintain the residential character of the building. More recently, the Board recognized a third reason: to maximize the Co-op’s financial health and its ability to borrow at the most favorable rates. Modifications to the policy have been introduced over the intervening years to respond to those shareholders who wish to purchase additional apartments and establish guidelines for those shareholders who purchase apartments as a non-primary residence, for example, as a pied-à-terre, home office, artist studio, or residence for a family member. See Family Member, below. Those shareholders who do not purchase an apartment as a primary residence are not permitted to sublet. The Board reviews the policy periodically to ensure it balances the various interests of the Co-op, keeps pace with changing life-styles, and promotes the fair and reasonable application of the rules in individual cases.
Historical Context. For context, the reason for Anaheim’s agreement to not enact an entertainment tax on Disney for the first 15 years after the 2001 opening was not tied to Disney’s investment in Anaheim, but to Disney’s guarantee of bond payments. In summary, Anaheim feared that if Disney’s new 2001 development now known as Disney’s California Adventure (or DCA) failed to draw public attendance sufficient to cover the bond payments funding infrastructure and improvements to enable the expansion, Anaheim would be put in a negative financial position. Therefore, if DCA failed to prove financially viable, Disney guaranteed the bond payments, until such time that tax revenues would improve and cover the amounts, and at that point Anaheim would rebate or reimburse bond payments made by Disney during the carry-over period. Disney did not want to fund a losing new project, bond payments, AND a new “gate tax” imposed by City Hall seeking new revenues not provided by Disney’s new project. Roughly 10 years ago, an argument was made to prohibit an entertainment tax, or other such fee aimed at tourism, based on the claim that Anaheim 15 year promise not to tax Disney was tied to Disney’s “investment” and not their bond guarantee. • Should the language in the new Amended DA be a vaguely worded attempt to shield themselves from another effort toward an entertainment tax, we wish to enter into the public record our strong objection to any obstacle to an Entertainment Tax or similar revenue stream that may be approved in the future by the action of City Council or citizen referendum. • Any discussion of Entertainment Tax or similar revenue generation should be a separate stand-alone issue to be discussed in an open and public meeting and not buried in a lengthy and complex document without adequate time for review. ASSURANCE FOR FUTURE MEASURE L COMPLIANCE In addition, despite the efforts of several volunteers reviewing the nearly 3,000 pages of new information released on Friday, March 8, 2024, we find ourselves unable to review all pages of all documents prior to sending these comments for Planning Commission consideration on Monday, March 11, 2024. Therefore, should the Amended Development Agreement or any other agreement/contract/document considered by the Planning Commission and/or City Council regarding DisneylandForward include any language that negates future compliance with Measure L and the litigation decision of Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx et al, Plaintiffs v The Xxxx Disney Company et al, S...
Historical Context. םרח in Historical Deuteronomy ························· 44
Historical Context. םרח in Historical Deuteronomy In biblical scholarship, the historical context of the composition of the book of Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic Code (Deut 12–26) is one of the most controversial subjects. Generally, however, the development of historical criticism has supported the possibility of later redaction (double or triple) of Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic Code (including the Deuteronomistic History), rather than literally adhering to the Mosaic authorship.91 At this point, examining and understanding the larger historical context of Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic Code will also help readers to comprehend the social-political context of םרח in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic history. There have been many works of scholarship seeking to figure out a more accurate social and historical context of Deuteronomy, the Deuteronomic Code, and the Deuteronomistic history. In his commentary, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx gives us a concise overview of the history of critical research: through the scholarly consensus, one may notice that many scholars have pointed out the reigns of Kings Hezekiah (715–687 BCE) and Josiah (640–609 BCE; cf., 2 Kings 22:8) in Judah as the most likely historical points at which the earlier form of Deuteronomy was composed and read.92 At that time, the Northern Kingdom had fallen (722 BCE), pagan worship was exceedingly prevalent inside Judah (2 Kings 18:4–5; 23:4–19), and threats from outside the kingdom—Neo-Assyrian threats—were growing. Tigay’s conclusive note matches well with this view of historical context: The fall [of the Northern Kingdom] must have prompted serious soul-searching in the south, encouraging a favorable hearing for their program and leading to Hezekiah’s reform…the program was put in writing as Deuteronomy or an early version thereof. Suppressed, or at least hidden, during the reign of the paganizing xxxx Xxxxxxxx, the book reemerged and became the program of Josiah’s sweeping reform.93 According to Tigay, the religious reformations of Xxxx Xxxxxx “were clearly inspired by 91 For overall discussion, see Xxxxxx, The Old Testament, 178–188; Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, The Double Redaction of the Deuteronomistic History, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Serise (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981). 92 Xxxxxxxxxxx, Deuteronomy 1:1–21:9, lxviii–lxix. 93 Tigay, Deuteronomy, xxiii–xxiv. Deuteronomy.”94 Also, Xxxxxxxxxxx mentions that Xxxxxxx xx Xxxxx (0000–1849 CE) set the specific context for the emergence and for...
Historical Context. Access to rail infrastructure by operators who are not the infrastructure owners has a long history starting from the beginning of the 19th century. Such arrangements have existed since the earliest days of railways. The 18th-century wagonways and canals operated on this basis. The Liverpool and Manchester railway had such an arrangement with Grand Junction railway in 1837. It is still common in countries with several rail companies. These arrangements, in general, managed by regulatory bodies or governments. in some cases, network management when there are traffic conflicts and incidents. • Services supplied by the access provider, including access to yards, termi- nals, maintenance, and fueling facilities. • Charges levied. 11Special thanks to Xx Xxxxxx Ul Xxxxx and Xx Xxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx for motivation, mentoring and thorough support. 12The discussion rests heavily on the PIDE-RE 8 webinar series on Pakistan Railways, jointly organised by Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and Reenergia, 2020-21 (hמּps://www.you- xxxx.xxx/xxxxx?x=X0XxX00X0X0&x=0000x) TRACK ACCESS CHARGES – SHARING THE COST These are the Payments from the Operators to the Track Owner. Track Access Charges (TAC) is a significant and widely discussed component of these arrangements. In principle, the objective of these arrangements is to share the total cost of the track between the train operator and the infrastructure owner. In 1837, the Liver pool & Manchester charged the Grand Junction one-third of the total freight rate as its track using fee. Since then, many such railway-to-railway agreements have been made to share costs. The total cost of infrastructure operation and maintenance is divided based on gross tons. Wagons have a similar effect to gross tons, are easier to full-cost minus discounts pricing, and full-cost pricing. Sweden and Britain followed marginal cost pricing, while Germany and France followed full-cost pricing.13 The diversity in charges levied indicates the complexity underlying the open-access regime and the conflicting efficiency and cost recovery objec- tive. The infrastructure costs recovered through the track access charges ranged from zero percent or near zero percent in Norway and Sweden to 100 percent in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. This reflects the rail traffic they support and the government policy towards supporting the railway. Eastern Europe is freight–oriented, so cost is recovered from freight railway traffic. Western Europe is passenger-oriented and...
