GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Gene Fund, 412–13 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 2, 35–9 Uruguay Round of, 26–7, 38–9. 347–8, 402–4, 453–4, 500, 514 Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization, 44–6 genetically modified organisms. geographical indications (GIs), 18 Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), 168 “global drug gap,” 140–71 Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 97, 148 GMOs, 236 Group of 7 (G7), 31 Group of 8 (G8), 96–7, 460–1 Group of 77 (G77), 27–8 Guidelines for the Protection of the Heritage of Indigenous Peoples, 50, 450–2 Habitat International Coalition, 401 health, right to, 2, 9, 54, 56, 58–9, 66, 83, 99–102, 105–12, 114, 190, 439 High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 15, 54, 73–6, 84 High Level Conference on World Food Security, 403–4 HIV/AIDS, 41, 53–4, 56, 91–8 housing, right to, 54, 107, 439 human rights, passim. See also International Covenants on Human Rights; specific rights; United Nations Charter; United Nations Treaty System; Universal Declaration on Human Rights Human Rights Commission, 59, 114–15, 365 Human Rights Committee, 10, 15, 449 Human Rights Council, 1, 5, 15, 60, 365 Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines, 55, 60–1, 117 hunger, freedom from. See food, right to IAASTD. See International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR. See International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IFPRI. See International Food Policy Research Institute IGC. See Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore ILO Convention No. 169. See International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries India, 14, 25, 29, 79, 120, 138, 140, 143, 158, 185, 321, 334, 369–70, 374, 407–28, 458, 469 genetically-modified seeds in, 409–28 Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers Rights Act (PPVFA), 409–31 Seeds Bill of, 409–10, 414–31 indigenous peoples, 3, 49–52, 75, 79, 193, 196–7, 331–2, 432–502. Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development, 460 information, right to, 107, 190, 226–8, 231–2. See also scientific advances, right to benefit from “intellectual commons,” 454 intellectual property, passim. See also copyright; patents; trademarks; plant varieties, rights in Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 153, 440 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 440 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), 465, 478–80 Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property, 166 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), 428–9 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 8–13, 101–2, 186, 229, 251, 438–9, 448–9 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 8–9, 12–14, 32, 57, 74–6, 84, 105–12, 160, 171–2, 179–80, 186–99, 203–5, 222, 233, 238–9, 241–2, 320–1, 326–30, 332, 347–8, 364–5, 371–2, 376, 403–5, 421–2, 439, 453–4, 511, 513. See also specific General Comments International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 424–5 International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, 97 International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), 355 International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO Convention No. 169), 331, 441, 443, 450 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 430 International NGO Committee on Human Rights in Trade and Investment, 401 International Patent Classification (IPC), 477 international regimes, fragmentation of, 505–6 international relations theory, constructivist school of, 149 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), 423 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGR), 398–9, 405 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, 397 IPC. See International Patent Classification ISAAA. See International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications ITPGR. See International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Japan Book Publishers Association, 354–5 Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 92–8 Julayinbul Statement on Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights, 458–9 ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Statement, 460 Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST), 377–8 landraces, 391, 412 learning materials, 318–19, 332–57 malnourishment, 375 Mataatua Declaration, 458 medicines. See pharmaceuticals. Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 168 Model List of Essential Medicines (WHO), 117–18, 143 ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 177, 184 movement, right to freedom of, 101–2, 107 MST. See Landless Rural Workers’ Movement NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement National Commission for the Management of Biodiversity, 473 National Health Security Act (Thailand), 127 New Zealand, 51, 374, 441, 456, 458, 465, 473–4, 496–502 nondiscrimination, 208–9. See also equality/ nondiscrimination, right to North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 31 ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 211, 226, 282 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR. See High Commissioner for Human Rights ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, 85–9, 322, 338–40 Online Portal of Registries and Databases of TK and Genetic Resources, 477 open source, 343, 405, 522 opinion, expression, and speech, right to freedom of, 2–3, 5, 7, 66, 86, 101–2, 226, 230–2, 268 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 31 parallel importation, 121–2 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 24, 26, 28–30, 32, 37, 309 PASS. See Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, Programme for Africa’s Seed Systems Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 47, 477, 482–3 patents, 2, 16, 17, 20–2, 61, 77–8, 87, 119–43, 186, 237, 312–14, 386–90, 436, 471–2, 477.
Appears in 2 contracts