Common use of Emerging Solution Clause in Contracts

Emerging Solution. Refer to pre-assumption (2.3.1.3) in GIS interoperability, there are some is- sues in large number of client and providers, dynamic environment in Inter- net, more autonomy of sources. Some e orts to emerging solution between semantic mediation, GIS Interoperability and P2P have been conducted. The approach for these emerging will be look at as: 2.3.2.1 GIS Interoperability and P2P Main purpose to emerging this solution is to handle huge number of sources and dynamic and autonomy environment. For example: every person and organization can be as spatial information provider cause of technology. How- ever at individual level, sources (computer power, bandwidth, content, etc) is limited. This condition will create huge small information provider which can leave and joint at many time. Implementation of P2P environment for GIS interoperability can be cat- egorized as follow: APPOINT [99] is an approach to enhance client server network to ex- change huge size geodata. Method to nd sources / client is using the current Table 2.4: Comparison Semantic Mediation Approach for GIS Interoperabil- ity Criteria MIX GeoNis ISIS SemWeb BUSTER Purpose attain 'logi- cal integra- tion' integration heterogene- ity GIS & non- spatial over Internet a dynamic resolution of semantic con icts resolve three heterogene- ity resolve three het- erogeneity, emphasize as semantic translator Model associate rules to integrate OGC simple feature OO model data semantic formal data structure comprehensiv source de- scription and in- tegration knowledge Architecture wrapper, spatial mediator, other medi- ator, main/ application mediator wrapper, media- tor, top / sharing ontology agent for wrapper, ▇▇▇▇▇▇- ation, interface, ontology, semantic router co- operation bus client and provider module, each module content semantic transla- tor and knowledge base. same chapter semantic interoper- ability as Query XMAS (XML-Q), di erent query spatial or not XML SQL & SQL RDF-Q, XML-Q and Prolog like Technology XML, web- based XML, Internet, web-based Java, Corba, OO ODBC, Java, Ne- tExpert, Web server XML, RDF, OWL Prototype research telecom research research research Figure 2.16: APPOINT Architecture, from [99] server and simple algorithm at gure 2.16 . This approach is called central- ized P2P. DBGlobe [81] is to manage super-database / peers. DBGlobe connects a number of peers, which in the DBGlobe context, are called mobile devices or PMO-primary mobile objects to emphasize the mobility aspects. P2PGIS (P2P geographic information system) is the sharing of computer- based geographic resources and services by direct exchange between systems. It takes advantage of existing computing power and networking connectiv- ity. OPUS (OPen Use Server) [5] is the rst implementation of P2PGIS le sharing architecture called ▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ (Rapid Online Mapping Network. 2.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Peer-to-Peer Centralized approach with classic client-server model has di culty to face dy- namic environment, large number of participants in information integration, asymmetric tra c between information provider and client, and available of information provider which has limited sources and too speci c content. Napster, Gnutella, ▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇ made P2P paradigm popular as a version of distributed computing between traditional distributed systems and the web. In new dynamic system, it cannot assume the existence of a global schema for all data or information in a P2P network [55]. Emerging semantic web and P2P has derived to solve some problems in information integration, from information searching, processing and query. Mapping issues [59]and view rules [65] are one of interesting topic for semantic web and P2P, some approaches have been introduced as below. SWASIE project ▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ [7] aims at implementing an advanced search engine. It will provide users with intelligent access to heterogeneous information on the Internet. SWASIE architecture has some components as follow: information nodes (SINodes), brokering agents (BAs), query agents (QAs), and user interface. The architecture based on mediator based systems (based to MOMIS) with global ontology (WordNet(EuroWordNet). ▇▇▇▇▇ [18] studied the problem of data integration in P2P system. he proposes a new approach based on epistemic logic, and show that not only it adequately models interactions among peers, but it also supports decidable query an- swering. Edutella project[74, 73] aims to provide an RDF-based metadata infrastructure for P2P applications. The system brings together RDF and P2P concepts and exploits their strength in a common framework, suitable for building general schema-based P2P networks for distributed and dynamic information providers. Query language uses RQL which is RDF query lan- guage - SQL like. PDMS (Peer data management system) [51, 50, 100]is a data management architecture in which any user can constribute new data, schema information, or even mappings between other peers schema in de- centralized environment. PDMS gives contribution in a exible language for mediation between peer schemas. 2.3.2.3 Semantic Mediation, GIS Interoperability, and Peer-to- Peer Semantic mediation has been implemented in many cases of interoperability, including GIS Interoperability. From above discussion of GIS Interoperability and P2P, problem of semantic heterogeneity is still appeared. These emerging solution will provide better approach for current problems, even though will bring more complicated approach to merge and synchronize. two papers discuss about emerging these solution. These e ort will be presented at next paragraph. PSW (P2P Semantic Web) [3] has capabilities to nd relevant set of on- tologies, facilitating reuse of existing ontologies, and advertising the resulting ontologies. This approach is a step forward objective of InfoQuilt project to P2P environment. A speci cation framework (DAML+OIL) for indepen- dently creating, maintaining, and interoperating ontologies while preserving their semantics, and P2P is used to provide a distributed architecture which Figure 2.17: PSW InfoQuilt Architecture, from [3] can support sharing of independently created and maintained ontologies. This model uses registers / publish mode to a directory or directories. InfoQuilt is agent-based system, each user in the P2P network runs a multi-agent Information Brokering Systems. The information and services that a user is interested in are semantically identi ed using the Knowledge Space Navigation algorithm, which provides means for locating relevant on- tologies / content. Users can build IScapes using the IScape Builder utilizing the most relevant knowledge about concepts, which are semantically iden- ti ed and retrieved from P2P Knowledge Sharing network. IScape Builder and IScape Execution supporting Knowledge Based are the main component of PSW & InfoQuilt architecture ( gure 2.17). BUSTER in P2P [107] is a concept for spatial metadata based on qualitative spatial reference models, and their application in P2P network. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ is a data broker which o ers intelligent data retrieval, coupled with data integration and semantic translation services [103]. BUSTER can be applied within the framework of P2P data sharing networks as well. For intelligent thematic queries and semantic data integration, the system uses terminology reasoning based on formal ontologies. Illustration [107] in case real estate agency and his client who nd a new house. The system will support queries of the type concept@location. Lack of metadata support, most state-of-the-art P2P systems are not well equipped to handle networks for the exchange of geo-referenced data.