Democracy. The Third Sector has a long history of supporting the engagement of local people in local issues and solutions, Third Sector groups are grounded in the ‘5 Ways of Working’. Involving the Sector at an early stage in policy development and service design, adopting a co productive approach leads to better outcomes for citizens where community based groups are well placed to provide insight into the unique challenges faced by community members they meet.
Democracy. Participatory democracy has numerous constitutional techniques and guarantees.59 Under the terms of the Constitution, Art. 2(2) – “all power is vested in the people who exercise their sovereignty through elected representatives and directly.” The two constitutional 54 Generally on how the HCC approached its role, X. Xxxxx, “Aktivizmus és passzivizmus az Alkotmánybíróság gyakorlatában,” in X. Xxxxxxx (ed.), Tíz eves az alkotmánybíróság, Alkotmánybíróság, Budapest (2000), at 167ff.
Democracy. 1. Participatory democracy shall be realised through congresses and national convention or conference.
Democracy. 1. The Parties shall promote and strengthen the universal values and principles of democracy. They shall protect the separation of powers, promote political pluralism and strengthen transparency, participation and confidence in democratic processes as well as trust between political leaders and the people, including by supporting the ratification and implementation of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.
Democracy. As above, political society’s key comparator, for Xxxxx, is the state of nature. Political society requires, on his view, the legitimate establishment of political power, not least to be able to enforce justice. This legitimacy is dependent on its members having ‘quitted this natural power [of preserving property and punishing offences, and having] resigned it up into the hands of the community’, such that the community ‘comes to be umpire’.128 Xxxxx states that being a member of such a society, on Xxxxx’x approach, amounts to ‘transforming oneself into a constituent element of a political body’.129 And it seems clear that Xxxxx’x approach is democratic in nature. To this end, Xxxxx describes how, in legitimate political society, political representatives (i.e., ‘men having authority from the community’) are charged with ‘decid[ing] all the differences that may happen between any members of that society concerning any matter of right’.130 A key distinction between political society and the state of nature, therefore, is the parsing and discharge of the law of nature on particular matters of justice. As Xxxxxxx states, ‘in the absence of institutions, Xxxxx maintains that natural law is enforceable by any individual’. 131 Again, this does not mean that individuals in political society have ceded their moral obligations to discern and follow prerequisite moral standards for themselves. Rather, members of Lockean political society, as a matter of precondition, are morally committed to behaving towards each other in accordance with the moral standards of the law of nature — as well as contributing to the determination of legitimate positive law, by partaking in a representative model of political participation: 128 Xxxxx, Second Treatise, 46 (§87). 129 Xxxxx, Discourse on Property, 158-9. 130 Xxxxx, 46-47 (§87). 131 Xxxxxxx, “What is Natural Law Like?” 79. [th]us every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to every one of that society, to submit to the determination of the majority, and to be concluded by it[.]132 I shall return to this reference to ‘the majority’ in Chapter 6. But what is key for current purposes, here, is that in Lockean political society, the mechanisms of political institutions enable legitimate societal decision-making and the formal enaction of those decisions, amidst a political culture that protects and maintains members’ equally-held political and societal rights...
Democracy. Regime type may also influence COIN outcomes. Scholars have long proposed that democracies tend to be less effective counterinsurgents. In this view, democratic publics are war-averse, and since insurgencies are typically protracted struggles, democratic leaders are constrained by their war-averse electorates in their ability to prosecute insurgents effectively (Xxxxx 1987; Xxxxx 2010b; Xxxx 1975; Merom 2003). On the other hand, a democratic regime may enjoy greater popu- lar support than its autocratic counterparts. As a result, such regimes may be more likely to win as well as more likely to arm civilians. To account for this possibility, I follow the time-honored approach of measuring regime type using the Polity2 measure — a 21-point composite index ranging from autocracy (-10) to democracy (+10) — and include on the right-hand side of the estimated equation a dichotomous indicator (DEMOCRACY ) of whether a country is a democracy (Polity2 ≥ 7) or not (Polity2 < 7) (Xxxxxxx and Xxxx 1995). Mechanization. Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2009) and Xxxxx (2010b) find that an incumbent’s level of mechanization has a negative impact on the likelihood of government victory. The authors’ measure of this concept (MECHANIZATION ) is a scaled fourfold ordinal variable indicating the country’s military’s prewar soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2009, 83–4). Inasmuch as their sample differs from that of Kalyvas and Balcells (2010), the pre-war soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio is recoded from Table 3.1. Crossnational CDF Deployment: Summary Statistics Variable Name Median St. Dev. Min Max Description Dependent Variable WDL 1 0.87 0 2 COIN Outcome: win (2), draw (1), or lose (0). Explanatory Variable CDFs 0 0.48 0 1 Indicates whether CDFs have been deployed or not. Controls INCUMBENT MANPOWER 749 896 14 5227 Pre-war number of military personnel per 100,000 population. INCUMBENT ENERGY 99 162 0.03 851 Pre-war energy consumption per 100,000 population. INSURGENT MANPOWER 147 340 0.54 2160 Maximum number of armed insurgents per 100,000 population. EXTERNAL SUPPORT 1 0.85 0 2 External economic and/or military support for rebels. OCCUPATION 0 0.43 0 1 Incumbent is perceived as an illegitimate occupier. DIVERSITY 6.13 4.39 1 19 Number of major ethnolinguistic groups. DEMOCRACY 0 0.42 0 1 Regime type: democracy (Polity2 ≥ 7) or not. MECHANIZATION 3 1.12 1 4 incumbent’s prewar soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio. The Military Balance and the Stockholm International ...
Democracy. The University Xxxxxx is directly elected by the student body and appoints a Xxxxxx’x Assessor to be a representative within the student body. The Senior Lay Member of the University Court is elected by students and staff. Members of the Students’ Association Students’ Representative Council often work with Senior University staff on policy-making and other initiatives. Where possible and where confidentiality and time scales allow, student opinion is canvased more widely on significant strategic decisions such as major new capital projects and changes to the academic calendar.
Democracy. There is no viable Republic without democracy, nor is there democracy without balance of power, pluralism of opinion, freedom of using it and a right to act in order to assert these values. * Freedom of association, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press which are integral parts of the important democratic balances will be readjusted by legal stipulations and will make multi-party system more satisfactory. * Each power in the Republic must be strictly surrounded, in the exercise of its functions, by republican democratic institutions. These institutions must in their turn reflect the state of a national consensus freely and democratically elaborated by a just representation and carried out by administrations, within which the different national communities are represented in an equal way. CLAUSE 4: SOUND MANAGEMENT OF THE SOCIETY. A National Audit Bureau will immediately be initiated and will start its investigations in order to put an end to the opacity of the management of the public purse. CLAUSE 5: CIVIL PEACE AND SECURITY. Peace and justice are just as inseparable as breath and life. Achieving civil peace is providing justice and first of all the compensation of harm suffered. * It is also a question of initiating reforms of the laws and regulations guaranteeing conditions for the national cohesion and a sound management of the national common patrimony. * The militaries whose special mission it is to guarantee the security of the national territory against all external threat will reintegrate their positions they occupied before the civil conflict. Their presence will not constitute any hindrance nor difficulty for the circulation of goods and persons. In order to make this circulation safe both parties engage to start clearance of mines of the land and roads they had mined. * The two parties engage to suspend hostilities. * Civil and military prisoners of the two parties, detained on both sides will immediately be set free. * Furthermore the members of FRUD, officials, civil servants, militants, civilians or combatants who occupied a professional post before the conflict will be reintegrated in their administrations, establishments, services or companies. The other members of FRUD will be reintegrated in adequate civil or military functions. The forms of their effective disarmament will be settled at that moment. Those who were victims of material harm will be compensated. All accusation or pursuit o...
Democracy. Ordinary people have a real say— and they get to make real political decisions. Politicians build closer relationships with their constituents, and community members develop greater trust in government.
Democracy. This module is designed to capture the population's point of view about the functioning of democracy, about the acceptance of this political regime to the context of the country, as well as the values that are considered to be essential. The final objective is to study the connections between formal democracy, its effective functioning, the system of societal values and the living conditions of the society. Importance of democracy as form of government Perceived adequacy of different forms of government Evaluation of the functioning of the democracy Respect for the liberty of expression, equal rights, free and transparent elections etc. Evaluation of democracy in the country since 1990 Evaluation of the situation of human rights in the country Agreement with the process of decentralization Significance of decentralization in the country Evaluation of politicians Political orientation of the household Conversation with family members about politics in the country Type of obstacles to the development of the country Participation in the previous elections Reasons for not participating in the previous elections
