Formative Research. The NDCSP plans to implement a comprehensive behavior change assessment program that will include both qualitative research and mini-surveys. Information collected through these activities will supplement data the Project has already acquired through both quantitative and qualitative research activities carried out in the past two years. The following research initiative was aimed at establishing priority areas for behavior change activities, assessing existing practices and beliefs, and identifying influencing factors that constitute barriers to and opportunities for behavior change. It includes the following: • KPC 2000: The NCDSP was the site of a pilot test of the KPC 2000. The study included a KPC survey for Ndwedwe Sub-District designed to assess knowledge, attitudes, coverage and practices on child survival issues relevant to project interventions, including the HIV/AIDS subproject that was set to commence in early 2000. As a complement to the sample survey, project staff in collaboration with DramAidE implemented an in-depth qualitative behavior change assessment of individual and community attitudes and practices related to HIV/AIDS. The qualitative behavior change assessment used focus group discussions and semi-structured interview methods to examine factors contributing to the runaway spread of HIV in the project area, including community sexual norms and constraints to condom use; and to assess community attitudes toward and willingness to provide care for PLWAs and XXXX. The combined quantitative-qualitative study identified audience segments in need of special attention (e.g. non-maternal caregivers), and offered recommendations for behavior change strategies (such as collaboration with interested church groups). To expand the NDCSP’s knowledge base regarding existing practices and to provide a basis for the development of an effective behavior change strategy, additional formative research activities are planned: • IMCI Community Component GAPS Analysis: During the final year of Phase I, the NDCSP pilot tested a GAPS Analysis exercise in two communities of the Sub-District. The GAPS Analysis, based on a method under development by the KZN Provincial AIDS Task Team and World Vision, is a technique for identifying priority focal areas by assessing the degree to which prevailing community practices deviate from a set of Key Family Practices being promoted as part of the community component of IMCI. The pilot test established that the GAPS Anal...
Formative Research. A rapid barrier analysis will be conducted in Quarter 3 to further identify barriers that limit women’s and youth’s access to market systems, provide more in-depth information on barriers to consumption of Yidgiri - promoted foods, and how these barriers can be addressed and inform the design of SBC strategies to promote inclusive market systems and consumption of nutritious foods. Both the review and the results of and formative data collection will further inform specific behaviors and norms to target for SBC interventions and activities.
Formative Research. Extremely limited recent data exists on health behaviors in the project’s target districts. The 1998 DHS contains relevant information on knowledge, coverage, and practices; most data, however, is presented in nationwide or Western Region averages, and not disaggregated for the individual districts. In May, 2001, CARE completed a report presenting extensive research conducted in Adansi West and Wassa West Districts. The report provides selected information from one of GHANAQ’s districts on breastfeeding, child health, and XXX from a KPC Survey, focus group discussions, and an assessment of the training needs of service providers; it is entitled Report on Knowledge, Practice and Coverage Survey in ARCH (Adansi West District) and WWRH (Wassa West District) Projects on Breastfeeding, Child Health, and the Use of XXX as a Temporary Contraceptive Method (see Annex 9). Project staff used information from this report to inform the Interventions described in Section III. In March 2002, PCI-Ghana and partners conducted a community-based qualitative assessment (CQA) through a series of 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers of children under two, fathers of children under two, and opinion leaders in four communities of Wassa West and Wassa Amenfi (see Annex 3 for methodology, guide, and results). The purpose of the assessment was to explore attitudes, practices, and behaviors regarding the intervention areas of the project: maternal and newborn care, malaria, diarrheal diseases, pneumonia, and nutrition, including breast feeding and complementary feeding. Information from the assessment would help project planners verify the appropriateness of planned interventions and further refine the program’s strategies. While the original guide drafted by PCI-IO staff contained questions regarding each of the intervention areas, unfortunately, local project partners determined that (based on past sub-optimal experience with FGDs) they should rely on information from health facility reports with respect to pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal diseases rather than include these questions in the community assessment. Therefore, most of the discussion during the assessment was focused on nutrition, breastfeeding, information sources, and socioeconomic issues. Much of the information gleaned from the discussions, however, mirrors the results from CARE’s research in one of the same districts - Wassa West (see Section I. D Program Site Analysis and III. Detailed Plans by Interve...
Formative Research. Prior to beginning the development of the nutrition curriculum, a team of three Emory students conducted research to explore the food environment in Clarkston. We performed nine market surveys2 to assess the cost, availability, and accessibility of food in the area. The survey was developed from CARE’s Nutrition Formative Research Training Manual (CARE 2013). We used purposive sampling to choose only markets within the Clarkston city limits and that made up a representative sample of different types of stores (2 full grocery stores, 5 small markets, and 2 convenience stores). We asked store managers questions about the hours of operation, restocking of food, major selling items, and clientele demographics. After asking these questions, we looked around the store and recorded prices of foods from 11 categories (fresh fruit; fresh vegetables; dried vegetables and legumes; grains, cereals and breads; roots and tubers; fish, shellfish, snails and seafood; meats and poultry; milk products; basic purchases; snacks and junk food; other items of interest). This information was then recorded in an Access database and was used to determine what the most commonly purchased foods are, along with the price ranges of these foods. Another step in this formative research was conducting in-depth interviews to learn about food availability and dietary preferences of our target population. Six interviews were conducted (three store owners, two key informants, and one community member), four of which were recorded and transcribed. Although the data were not analyzed using qualitative methods, these interviews provided information on access to fresh produce, use of the local food pantry, and the current dietary habits and practices among refugees in the Clarkston community. 2 Appendix A IRB Approval A proposal was submitted to the Emory IRB before conducting any research. The IRB determined that the project was exempt from IRB review because the project did not involve research of human subjects or clinical investigation.
Formative Research. Prior to designing PAD, preliminary research was conducted in potential host communities in coordination with community leadership. This research included: • Comparing crime data from APD Xxxxx 0, 0, xxx 0 (Xxx- & Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx) • Interviewing APD and neighborhood leadership to determine Pilot location • Analyzing APD data related to quality of life, narcotics, and prostitution- related crimes, to determine: o Highest frequency calls for service o Most common arrest charges o Demographics of potential PAD participants
Formative Research. In 2016, the implementing organization hired a consultant to conduct formative research to inform execution of Care Group intervention, positive deviance/hearth nutrition week implementation strategies for the project. The objectives of formative research are stated as: “(1) Understand common practices relating to nutrition behaviors and determine cognitive positive deviant patterns surrounding food and nutrition including access, food sources and security, feeding beliefs and practices and hand washing practices, (2) Provide input into the development of the care group curriculum including compliance and adaptation to local context of the curriculum provided by the MOH for nutrition and infant and young child feeding, (3) Inform the development of Care Groups, PD/ Hearth sessions and nutrition weeks, and (4) To provide the [project] management team with comprehensive up-to-date information from key audiences in order to re-design where needed parts of the work plan, Care Group structure and implementation plan.” The formative research uses Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interview (KIIs), Market Survey, Positive Deviance, and Direct Observation Methods to gather information. The research participants include lactating and pregnant mothers, grandmothers, church leaders, community leaders, Community Health Volunteers, government local authorities and positive deviance families. The following table provides detailed information Table 3: Formative Research Participants Participants Method Number of Participants Community Health Volunteers FGD 1 Pregnant/lactating Mothers FDG 2 Grandmothers FGD 2 Church Leaders FDG 1 Community Leaders KII 1 Church Leaders KII 3 CHSFP KII 3 Nutrition officers KII 1 Sub County MOH KII 3 Sub County Nutrition Officer KII 1 Visit to road side Markets and shops in randomly selected Villages, Market Survey 1 Family of children age 6-36 months with WAZ >-1 from poor HHs Positive Deviant inquiry The formative research was conducted in twelves project proposed sites and facilitated by staff at the head office and sub office in Turkana County. The participants were purposively selected, and Care Group coordinators in collaboration with community health volunteer mobilized the participants. The table shows identified key behaviors and behavioral determinants. Table 4: Identified Key behaviors and Behavioral Determinants Behavior ( Idle Behavior) Current Practice Barriers identified Enablers identified Other behavioral determ...
