Study Setting Sample Clauses

Study Setting. The Philadelphia Health Department, also known as Health Center One, serves two purposes. It is the main hub for Division of Disease Control in the city, housing divisions such as disease surveillance, communicable disease, ambulatory health services and sexually transmitted disease. It also serves as one of the eight district health centers in Philadelphia offering only STD/HIV- related services. Health Center One is an ideal setting to conduct research on HIV prevention programs for several reasons. In 2015, this clinic tested and treated 20,546 people, 1,607 of them identifying as MSM, and 47% MSM patients identifying as Black. The clinic also identified 178 of new HIV cases, and 371 cases of either rectal chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. Furthermore, Health Center One receives significant funding from AACO specifically for HIV prevention programs. Finally, Health Center One is looking to expand prevention strategies in YBMSM that are in line with national HIV prevention strategies.

Study Setting. The 77 PHCCs in the metropolitan area of Makkah are divided into five sections. Three sections are urban and two rural. In order to represent areas with different economic and cultural backgrounds, a total of five PHCCs were randomly selected from the urban and rural parts. Alazizia Algharbia, Alrusaifa, and Jarwal PHCCs represented the urban side, while Jura'na and Abu'urwa PHCCs represented the rural side (see Appendix C for map of the participating PHCCs).

Study Setting. This is a secondary analysis of data collected from a study that was conducted in Uganda through a collaboration between Makerere University School of Public Health in Uganda, Center for Global Safe WASH (CGSW) at Emory University, and WaterAid. Uganda is located in the eastern part of Africa and its capital city is Kampala, which, along with the Wakiso and Mukono districts, make up the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). The GKMA is the most populated region of the country with Wakiso district having the highest population of about 2 million, followed by Kampala with an estimate of 1.5 million while Mukono district holds about 569,804 people (Ssekamatte et al, 2020).

Study Setting. My Hao District is a peri-urban region of ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ Province in northern Vietnam, approximately 30 kilometers from Hanoi (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2014). The federal government is a single-party state with the Communist Party of Vietnam in power. The federal Communist Party provides oversight into municipal governing efforts and engages ideologically with communities. One method of disseminating government-sanctioned news and propaganda is through the Voice of Vietnam, a national radio program that broadcasts over a village loudspeaker (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2014). The local government also oversees mass social organizations such as the Youth Union, the Women’s Union, and the Peasant’s Union. There are also the previously discussed, legally sanctioned reconciliation groups at the commune level designed to resolve conflicts within families, which require no professional training (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2005). Interviews took place at two communes within My Hao District in ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ Province. The My Hao health officials, Emory University, and a Vietnamese non- governmental organization, the Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population (CCIHP), all collaborated previously on research projects. Emory University and CCIHP approached My Hao health officials for approval to conduct the study in the district. The Emory University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA) approved this project.

Study Setting. ‌ With a population of approximately 150 million and a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $610.1 (US), Bangladesh ranks 146th out of 187 countries on the Human Development Index. In addition to being poor, Bangladeshis face a life expectancy at birth of 69.0 for women and 66.5 for men. The majority of the people are socially conservative and religiously and ethnically homogenous. The Gender Inequality Index (GII), which reflects the inequality between women and men in reproductive health, empowerment and employment, ranks Bangladesh in the bottom third (112th) out of 146 countries with rankings (0.550) (United Nations Development Program, 2011). Bangladesh is known for high reported levels of IPV, with a range from 32 percent to 72 percent of married women in rural areas reporting some exposure to IPV in their lifetime (Bates, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Islam, F., & Islam, M, 2004; ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2001; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, Ahmen, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1996; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). Four villages in the Faridpur, Magura, and Rangpur districts were selected for the qualitative component of the study. Prior research from these four villages has shown that 67 percent of currently married women under the age of 50 years have reported experiencing physical violence perpetrated by their husbands (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Lenzi, & ▇▇▇▇▇, 2011). Given these high reported levels of IPV and persistent gender imbalances rooted in Bangladeshi culture and society, the effects of familial power dynamics on women’s willingness to report their attitudes about IPV against women, especially when these attitudes are perceived to contradict the local norm, warrant further study. Ethical Considerations‌ Ethical considerations for research involving human subjects were approved through all participating partners, including, the Academy for Educational Development (AED), Emory University, and the Bangladesh Medical Research Council’s Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Given the sensitive nature of the subject, the qualitative data were collected following the recommendations for the ethical conduct of research on IPV from the World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO, 2001) and the suggested standards from the International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies (CIOMS, 1991). Informed consent was obtained before initiating the interviews, and only one woman from each household was interviewed to ensure the confidentiality and safety of the...

Study Setting. Study participants were recruited at the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) General Hospital 1, a large hospital which is located in Cuernavaca, Mexico and 3 small health clinics within the IMSS system in Cuernavaca during routine prenatal care visits between February 2005 and February 2007. Generally the women who use the hospital are of medium to low socio-economic status and either they and/or their husbands are employed. In majority of the cases, a patient at IMSS pays one third of their healthcare cost while their employer and the federal government pays the remaining two thirds of the cost. The study had previously estimated that a final sample of 338 infants per group would have at least 90% power to detect an effect size of 0.25 SD or greater for the major outcomes at the end of the study assuming a significance level of alpha = 0.05 for a two- tailed test. This sample size would allow us to detect differences in weight of 0.43kg (0.2 SD), length of 0.87cm (0.2 SD) and BMI (kg/m2) of 0.29 (0.2SD) with at least 80% power. Eligible women were between 18-35 years, in gestation week 18-22 and planned to deliver at the IMSS General Hospital in Cuernavaca, exclusively or predominantly breast-feeding for at least 3 months and planned to live in the area for at least 2 years after delivery. Women were excluded if any of the following criteria were present: high risk pregnancy [history and prevalence of pregnancy complications, including placental abruption (separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall before the baby is delivered) , preeclampsia, pregnancy induced hypertension, any serious bleeding episode in the current pregnancy, and /or physician referral]; lipid metabolism or absorption disorders; regular intake of fish oil or DHA supplements; or chronic use of certain medication (e.g. medications for epilepsy). For the sub sample of this follow up study any child that had a measurement for weight and/or height at 18, 24, 36 and 48 months of age was included in the analytical sample. Women were randomized to receive either 400mg of algal DHA daily or placebo until delivery. Study participants and members of the study team remained unaware of the treatment scheme throughout the intervention period and follow-up period of the study. The supplements (Martek Biosciences) were in color coded bottles (2 colors/treatment arm) and were distributed by trained field workers during weekly visits at the participant’s homes and/or work...

Study Setting. Participants were recruited from a displaced community of about 100 households on the outskirts of Cartagena, Colombia. The community was established in 2006 by a local grass-roots organization, Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas (LMD). With seed money from the U.S. government, the United Nations, and other private and public funds, displaced women were trained in brick building and helped to construct their own homes. The community is unusual in that women have sole ownership of their homes; husbands or common-law partners may not sell the home as they can with any other joint property. LMD works closely with the community on a variety of projects addressing issues of human rights, security, empowerment, and violence and also provides education and job training opportunities. We recruited 33 partnered women aged 18 to 49 years, who were living in the target community, Spanish-speaking, and able to get to the interview location. Partnered women included those who were currently married or cohabitating. Efforts were made to recruit women with a range of characteristics that potentially influence relationship dynamics and IPV perpetration, including time since displacement, age, and marital status. Women were invited to participate through the LMD using a “gatekeeper” strategy in which potential participants were identified based on personal knowledge of community members (World Health Organization, 2007). In past research activities, community members had indicated a preference for interviewers to come from within the community.2 Two women from LMD who had prior research experience were selected by the principal investigator to act as both recruiters and interviewers. The LMD women were well known to women in the community and were involved in numerous LMD activities. Potential participants were approached by the recruiters before or after LMD activities, within the community, and at their homes and given a brief general description of the project. If women agreed to participate, the recruiters provided the participants with a detailed description of the research project, risks and benefits of participating, confidentiality procedures, and contact information for the research team. Participants were consented in front of a witness (who was not present for the details shared with the participant) and the interview was then scheduled at the convenience of the participant; usually within 1-2 days. Consent information was reviewed again with the participant at the tim...

Study Setting. This site is in Tanzania, East Africa, bordering Kenya to the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Lake Victoria on the north-west, to the south Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique and its east coast is on the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro Region is the focus of the study – this is one of the 19 administrative regions in Tanzania, as shown below, with its main relief feature of the Kilimanjaro Mountain that rises to 5895m in the north of the region, between the Siha (a new district, not in map), Hai, Rombo and Moshi rural districts. Amongst the 1.6 million population of the region, demographic features of interest include a female excess (845,000 women and 795,000 men) and a young population: 37.8% aged 0-14 years, 55.1% aged 15- 64 and 7.0% aged 65 years and older (Tanzanian 2012 census data). This proportion of the population that is elderly is, however, the highest proportion of all Tanzanian Regions. In the region, 1.2 million are rural residents, 0.4 million urban. District of Kilimanjaro Region Population (Number) Number of Households Average Household Sex Ratio Men per Size 100 women Both Sexes Rombo District Council 260,963 59,871 4.4 91 Mwanga District Council 131,442 30,197 4.4 93 Same District Council 269,807 59,957 4.5 95 Moshi District Council 466,737 110,806 4.2 94 Hai District Council 210,533 50,648 4.2 95 Moshi Municipal Council 184,292 46,169 4 94 Siha District Council 116,313 27,205 4.3 94 Kilimanjaro Region 1,640,087 384,853 4.3 94 Tanzania, showing Kilimanjaro region Districts of Kilimanjaro Geo-mapping of the approximate residential location of ESCC patients diagnosed at KCMC but not residing in Moshi itself during 2005-10 is shown below.

Study Setting. The analysis in this study used data from the 2011 “Project Espoir”, which translates to mean “Project Hope.” This was a collaboration among CARE USA, CARE Mali and Emory University. The study took place in two health districts in Mali - Bankaas and Bandiagara. The Bankass health district was designated as the intervention group and the Badiangara as the control group. Both sites are located in the Dogon territory of Mali.