General conclusions. Adapted Solely from the NRC (2002) • Riparian areas perform important hydrologic, geomorphic, and biological functions. These areas encompass complex above- and below-ground habitats created by the convergence of biophysical processes in the transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. • Riparian areas cannot be thought of in isolation from associated water bodies. The characteristic geomorphology, plant communities, and associated aquatic and wildlife species of riparian and marine systems are intrinsically linked. • Natural riparian systems have adapted to specific disturbance regimes. Managing riparian areas without regard to their dynamic patterns and influences of adjacent water bodies ignores a fundamental aspect of how these systems function. • Riparian areas, in proportion to their area within a watershed, perform more biologically productive functions than do uplands. Riparian areas provide a wide range of functions, such as microclimate modification and shade, bank stabilization and modification of sediment processes, contributions of organic matter and large wood to aquatic systems, nutrient retention and cycling, wildlife habitat, and general food web support for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. • Riparian areas are effective in filtering and transforming materials (such as dissolved and particulate nonpoint source pollutants) from hill slope runoff. • Because riparian areas are located at the convergence of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, they are regional hot spots of biodiversity and often exhibit high rates of biological productivity in marked contrast to the larger landscape. • During the last decade, a patchwork of federal, state, and local laws and programs has come to acknowledge the importance of riparian areas and to require or encourage special management to restore or protect their essential functions, although the degree of protection, the focus, and the spatial coverage of these laws and programs are highly variable among federal, state, and local levels.
General conclusions. The analysis leads to the following general conclusions: Environmental in situ data from the Arctic are managed by national data centres, international data centres, funding agencies and individual research project, both in countries with Arctic coastline and countries with an Arctic interest. National observations programmes generally meet national priorities and lack international coordination. The purpose of using in situ observations in Copernicus ranges from calibrating and validating satellite sensors and algorithms, numerical models to assimilation into operational and re- analysis model prognoses. In addition, for climate service, consistent and long-term observations are needed to identify the trend and long-term variability of the climate. In situ observations are very sparse in the central Arctic. Due to lack of good communication facilities many data are delivered in delayed mode and are therefore inappropriate for NRT productions in particular. Other data e.g. research data are made publicly available too late to be available even for interim re-analysis purposes i.e. there is a need for internationally agreed standards for timely delivery of delayed mode data taking into account scientists right to publish. The Arctic environment puts high demands on robust technology and there is a clear need to pursue innovative technology development. Several services express that the limited amount of data is a bigger problem than the quality of data, although poor data quality in itself is problematic. Insufficient data management structures at data producer level constitute a big problem which negatively affects: o Formats of data and metadata o Accessibility o Timely delivery o Quality documentation Access to Russian data are extremely limited and calls for a dedicated action to free more critical observations in cooperation with Russian authorities. The given heterogeneity of the data sources implies that: o Automated data quality control is difficult and poor quality can consequently significantly impact verification results o It is important that data are collected at sites which are representative of their wider area rather than their immediate surrounding Specific thematic domain related conclusions Meteorology For land meteorological observations, the coordination has been rather weak, and many independent and somehow overlapping archives exist. Many observations are only available through request, and documentation and qual...
General conclusions. It is clear that States do not follow a one-size-fits-all approach to establishing RASOs. This results from the fact that the needs of States in terms of strengthen- ing their safety oversight or accident investigation capabilities differ, and there- fore regional cooperation initiatives have to be tailored to the circumstances of a particular situation. Political considerations also play a role when decisions are taken by States regarding the form of the XXXX to be set-up. Although the XXXX concept is not entirely new, based on the analysis of the latest information, it is evident that the last twelve years have been real boom years for these organisations. Of the core sample of fourteen RASOs reviewed for the purpose of this study, nine have been established in the last twelve years. Even taking into account that some of them evolved from other organisations, this still 55 US-Russian Federation BASA, supra note 53, Article 1.D. 56 'Implementation procedures for design approval, production activities, export airworthiness approval, post design approval activities, and technical assistance between authorities, done under the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation for Promotion of aviation safety', (1998), <xxxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx/aircraft/air_cert/international/bilateral_agreements/baa_basa_listing/media/ RussiaIPA.pdf> [accessed 10 August 2014], Section I (1.0). 57 See Section 3.4.3.3 of Chapter 3. 58 EASA, 'Working Arrangement on Airworthiness between the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Interstate Aviation Committee', (St. Petersburg, 2004), <xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxxxxx.xx/system/files/dfu/intl_appro_IAC_EASA.pdf> [accessed 10 August 2014]. means that six of the fourteen were only established after 2004. In addition, based on the available information about the projects which were being considered in 2014 by States and ICAO, more of such organisations can be expected to be set up in the coming years. According to ICAO, in Africa alone it is envisaged to have an additional six XXXX type organisations established in the coming years. This clear trend towards increasing regionalisation of civil aviation safety oversight and accident investigation functions is a demonstration of the strong conviction of the international civil aviation community about RASOs’ contribu- tion to the improvement of civil aviation safety, worldwide harmonisation of standards, and cost-effectiveness of regulator...
General conclusions. The defence of the Net Book Agreement from the 1950s to its demise in 1995 was that without it there would be fewer stockholding bookshops, higher prices and fewer new titles. The evidence presented here tends to validate all three predictions (though the reduction in title numbers has occurred only recently and could prove short-lived). However, the sales performance of the book trade has been remarkably good: despite much greater competition from other forms of entertainment and education, sales of books in real terms are at a record high level. The explanation for this apparent anomaly is the importance of new distribution channels, particularly supermarkets and the Internet. Aggressive pricing on the part of these new channels has been necessary to their gain in market share. Twelve years after the end of the NBA, who are the winners and losers from the change in the pricing regime? Among book retailers, the dominant Internet bookseller (Amazon) and the supermarkets, have gained, though for the latter books are still a minor element in their product range. The main losers are specialist bookshops, particularly but not only the smaller ones. Most Publishers have gained from the expansion of the total market, but some of those focusing on minority-interest titles may have lost. All publishers now face a concentrated market with much greater buyer power and, at least for some, this may mean lower profits. The consumer who is happy to read best-selling titles is probably paying less than he or she would if the NBA had remained in force; the reader of other minority-interest titles is almost certainly paying more.
General conclusions. The Chicago Convention is a very successful international treaty, if looked at from the perspective of its global acceptance, and predominantly focuses on the regula- tion of technical aspects of international civil aviation. Yet, in the past it had been subject to some criticism with regard to the effectiveness of global implementa- tion of aviation safety standards, and the enforcement competences of ICAO. In reality, the very fact that the Chicago Convention achieved such a broad degree of acceptance can be largely attributed to the fact that its drafters managed to strike a good balance between, on the one hand a desire to achieve ‘the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organi- zation in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services’, which is necessary for aviation as a global industry, and on the other hand, the principle that ‘each State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.’ The greatest paradox of the system of the Chicago Convention is that over time it has become the victim of the original compromise which allowed the sys- tem to be born in the first place. With ICAO’s membership increasing steadily to 191 participating States, and based on the principle of individual State responsibil- ity for safety oversight, it has become virtually unavoidable that the level of im- plementation of SARPs and eight CEs will be variable across the world. With the differences - sometimes significant - in safety oversight between individual national jurisdictions revealed thanks to USOAP transparency, States, especially those with a good safety record, started to increasingly ring-fence their airspaces and territories with requirements for additional certifications, authorisa- tions, audits and checks. Unilateral inspection schemes started to emerge duplicat- ing the USOAP efforts. Today even the recognition of very basic certificates nec- xxxxxx for day-to-day cross border operations of airlines, such as AOCs, and cer- tificates of airworthiness is being increasingly made conditional upon additional authorisations and surveillance programmes. It is really hard not to criticise a system which requires, for example, a re- pair station to obtain up to twenty different certificates to perform exactly the 227 See Paragraph 7 of: 'Annex on aviation safety to the Memorandum of Cooperation between the European Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization...
General conclusions. 3.1 Supply When focussing on the supply, previous research showed that it is important to catch future clinician-scientists young, which is why we choose undergraduate research training as potential starting point of the clinician-scientist pipeline.3-6 There is no clear description of what an optimal undergraduate research training programme, let alone curriculum, looks like. The question of whether undergraduate medical research should be made mandatory is still a matter of debate. Mandatory research programmes have a dual purpose aiming to train every future doctor as a scholar who practices evidence-based medicine and is able to conduct research, as well as cultivate future clinician-scientists (chapter 4). To evaluate research programmes, scientific output in terms of peer-reviewed published papers are often perceived as a proxy for quality and success of undergraduate research programmes.6-10 Indeed, medical students who reach high levels during their research experiences resulting in a peer-reviewed paper are more likely to be involved in research after graduation.3-6 This is in line with our results showing that students who published were twice as likely to publish or present their research after graduation (chapter 2). Our retrospective follow-up study showed that at least one out of four students published findings of their mandatory research in a peer-reviewed paper, mainly as first or second author. This might be an underestimation due to limitations of the bibliometric methods used. Indeed, within our prospective follow-up study, 40% of the medical students indicate that they will publish their project and an additional 20% state they would probably publish their research outcomes (chapter 3). This scientific output is (almost) equal to publication rates of voluntary research projects.4,11 This may not seem surprising at first. Perhaps, students that feel the need for research participation are facilitated by mandatory research opportunities, but would otherwise have participated in elective research opportunities. However, one needs to bear in mind that in mandatory research programmes not only pre-selected excellent students, but all students were involved. Consequently, similar publication rates in mandatory research concern a higher number of students who published their research. Placing these publication rates in a broader and more general perspective, it is noteworthy that medical students in the Netherlands start medical training righ...
General conclusions. The conclusions that can be drawn from the discussion above are both limited and hypothetical. They are merely based upon a close reading of the texts and hardly on external evidence, apart from the ninth-tenth century date of the manuscripts. To be sure, Athanasius of Alexandria was not the author of any of the four homilies. In the first three homilies, the author or a later editor poses as Athanasius for the sake of propaganda for the personality of Athanasius himself and to give authority to a fanciful composition. In addition to being their pretended author, Athanasius is also an indirect theme, since part of the narrated events are connected with his fictional personage. In the fourth one, Athanasius is entirely absent. His name is added to the title merely to give the homily greater prestige and authority, probably in replacement of another, less famous name. These first three homilies, in varying degrees, give a strong sense of disunity. For all we know, they could be late compositions, perhaps even from the period of Tito Orlandi’s 'synaxarial systematization', incorporating earlier elements. Those earlier elements, exegetic, paraenetic or simply stories, could have different local backgrounds (Alexandria, Panopolis, Tabenesse, Koptos), but are basically used here to give a heroic Athanasius, the martyr of Orthodoxy and the advocate of monasticism, the chance to shine in the liturgy. In as far as a monastic milieu shaped the texts, this seems to be a Pachomian milieu (Pachomius plays a prominent role in the stories of On Murder and Greed and On Luke 11: 5-9). Saint Antony, whose biographer Athanasius was, is never even mentioned. Of the great theological controversies of the fourth century, only vague echoes remain, just enough to install in much later audiences a feeling of shared Orthodoxy. As for the question of the original language of each of these four homilies, a Greek original can be postulated for each of them, since Greek was the first language of state and Church till well in the eighth century, but not proven. Rare Greek loanwords occur in all of them, but these are no linguistically valid evidence. As suggested above, a Greek original is very likely for the homily On Pentecost and for parts of the other homilies, in particular On Luke 11: 5-9 and the 'Alexandrian' stories in the others. Yet, here again, we lack external evidence that would allow us to decide the question in one way or another. Athanasius of Alexandria Athanasius of Al...
General conclusions. The eurocurrency loan is a huge transaction. It does not only involve a large amount of money - the legal documentation forming the contract is also of great dimension. This is primarily because the parties try to foresee every possible situation and regulate them in the agreement. The law that will govern the contract is therefore very important, since it may affect the contents of the contract. Most legal systems permit the parties to freely choose a system of law to govern their contract. The parties desire a legal system that makes the legal outcome of the agreement as certain and predictable as possible, i.e. a legal system that recognises the principle of freedom of contract. If the parties have agreed to everything in their contract, it is not desirable if the governing law could interfere and change that agreement. English law has in practice become the international trade law. Under English law the parties may agree to virtually anything they want, and the contract will be construed strictly in accordance with its objective meaning. There is a saying under English law, that what is not claimed, is disclaimed. The parties may therefore under English law regulate their transaction precisely as they wish, without later interference. Should they forget anything, they will have to suit themselves. Sometimes there could be situations when the parties do not want English law to be the proper law of the contract. This could be because one of the parties is English and they want a neutral law, or because they are not familiar enough with English law. There might be another legal system that they are more familiar with, e.g. their home jurisdiction. If another system of law is chosen, it is therefore important to investigate how the eurocurrency loan will be affected by that other legal system. In this thesis Swedish law has been examined and compared with English law. Under Swedish law the parties are free to choose the proper law. This party autonomy is regulated by the same international convention as under English law, namely the Rome Convention. The scope of the governing law will also be the same as under English law. Even though Swedish law of contracts is based on the principle of freedom of contract, there are some threatening clouds that must be observed. The fact is that the freedom of contract has some exceptions, which may modify or render a contract invalid, and the Swedish courts’ interpretation of contracts differs from the English. Most of ...
General conclusions. The RAINS model has a modular structure that gives it an appropriate degree of flexibility to address air pollution policies at the European level. The modules address economic activitiesa and emission control policies in relation to environmental and health targets. Its limitations are determined by the a N.B Uncertainties relating to economic activities are discussed in Section 5. availability and quality of the underlying compartment models and data, and the amount of resources fed into the system. The interaction and support from countries and other organisations is crucial for the applicability of the model and the validity of its results. 4
General conclusions. The overall conclusion of the seminar was that the health benefits from eating fish that by far exceed the possible risks from ingesting contaminants, and that farmed fish generally contain less contaminants than wild fish. The seminar was a success based on the following facts: • The three largest salmon producers in Norway (one of which, Marine Harvest, is also the world’s largest farmed salmon producer) attended the seminar • The presence of the shellfish and crab industries from the largest producers in Norway • The relevant stakeholders contributed with presentations and actively participated in discussions • The students were actively involved in the discussions, and three of them presented their MSc theses, on which they all received valuable feedback • The Frøya VGS students and their teachers will continue to seek scientific cooperation and collaboration when suitable projects appear In general, the students expressed high overall satisfaction with the information received, the discussions, and the risk assessment lecture from Xxx Xxxxxx. The responses from the industry were also only positive. In addition to the message that farmed fish have a lower contamination level than wild fish, the local shellfish industries were thankful for the information obtained about the levels and fate of algal toxins in shellfish and crabs in the area. The discussions with the Norwegian Food Authorities were useful and will hopefully bring some action from their side. Another achievement was the confirmation of the feasibility of arranging such seminars in cooperation between academia, Frøya VGS and the Blue Competence Center, raising the prospect of similar meetings in the future.
