General conclusions Sample Clauses
POPULAR SAMPLE Copied 1 times
General conclusions. The Chicago Convention is a very successful international treaty, if looked at from the perspective of its global acceptance, and predominantly focuses on the regula- tion of technical aspects of international civil aviation. Yet, in the past it had been subject to some criticism with regard to the effectiveness of global implementa- tion of aviation safety standards, and the enforcement competences of ICAO. In reality, the very fact that the Chicago Convention achieved such a broad degree of acceptance can be largely attributed to the fact that its drafters managed to strike a good balance between, on the one hand a desire to achieve ‘the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organi- zation in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services’, which is necessary for aviation as a global industry, and on the other hand, the principle that ‘each State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.’ The greatest paradox of the system of the Chicago Convention is that over time it has become the victim of the original compromise which allowed the sys- tem to be born in the first place. With ICAO’s membership increasing steadily to 191 participating States, and based on the principle of individual State responsibil- ity for safety oversight, it has become virtually unavoidable that the level of im- plementation of SARPs and eight CEs will be variable across the world. With the differences - sometimes significant - in safety oversight between individual national jurisdictions revealed thanks to USOAP transparency, States, especially those with a good safety record, started to increasingly ring-fence their airspaces and territories with requirements for additional certifications, authorisa- tions, audits and checks. Unilateral inspection schemes started to emerge duplicat- ing the USOAP efforts. Today even the recognition of very basic certificates nec- ▇▇▇▇▇▇ for day-to-day cross border operations of airlines, such as AOCs, and cer- tificates of airworthiness is being increasingly made conditional upon additional authorisations and surveillance programmes. It is really hard not to criticise a system which requires, for example, a re- pair station to obtain up to twenty different certificates to perform exactly the 227 See Paragraph 7 of: 'Annex on aviation safety to the Memorandum of Cooperation between the European Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization...
General conclusions. In Aviation Safety and ICAO (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2009), 165.
General conclusions. Adapted Solely from the NRC (2002)
General conclusions. The analysis leads to the following general conclusions: Environmental in situ data from the Arctic are managed by national data centres, international data centres, funding agencies and individual research project, both in countries with Arctic coastline and countries with an Arctic interest. National observations programmes generally meet national priorities and lack international coordination. The purpose of using in situ observations in Copernicus ranges from calibrating and validating satellite sensors and algorithms, numerical models to assimilation into operational and re- analysis model prognoses. In addition, for climate service, consistent and long-term observations are needed to identify the trend and long-term variability of the climate. In situ observations are very sparse in the central Arctic. Due to lack of good communication facilities many data are delivered in delayed mode and are therefore inappropriate for NRT productions in particular. Other data e.g. research data are made publicly available too late to be available even for interim re-analysis purposes i.e. there is a need for internationally agreed standards for timely delivery of delayed mode data taking into account scientists right to publish. The Arctic environment puts high demands on robust technology and there is a clear need to pursue innovative technology development. Several services express that the limited amount of data is a bigger problem than the quality of data, although poor data quality in itself is problematic. Insufficient data management structures at data producer level constitute a big problem which negatively affects: o Formats of data and metadata o Accessibility o Timely delivery o Quality documentation Access to Russian data are extremely limited and calls for a dedicated action to free more critical observations in cooperation with Russian authorities. The given heterogeneity of the data sources implies that: o Automated data quality control is difficult and poor quality can consequently significantly impact verification results o It is important that data are collected at sites which are representative of their wider area rather than their immediate surrounding For land meteorological observations, the coordination has been rather weak, and many independent and somehow overlapping archives exist. Many observations are only available through request, and documentation and quality control may be sparse and difficult to assess. Surf...
General conclusions. The overall conclusion of the seminar was that the health benefits from eating fish that by far exceed the possible risks from ingesting contaminants, and that farmed fish generally contain less contaminants than wild fish. The seminar was a success based on the following facts: • The three largest salmon producers in Norway (one of which, Marine Harvest, is also the world’s largest farmed salmon producer) attended the seminar • The presence of the shellfish and crab industries from the largest producers in Norway • The relevant stakeholders contributed with presentations and actively participated in discussions • The students were actively involved in the discussions, and three of them presented their MSc theses, on which they all received valuable feedback • The Frøya VGS students and their teachers will continue to seek scientific cooperation and collaboration when suitable projects appear In general, the students expressed high overall satisfaction with the information received, the discussions, and the risk assessment lecture from ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. The responses from the industry were also only positive. In addition to the message that farmed fish have a lower contamination level than wild fish, the local shellfish industries were thankful for the information obtained about the levels and fate of algal toxins in shellfish and crabs in the area. The discussions with the Norwegian Food Authorities were useful and will hopefully bring some action from their side. Another achievement was the confirmation of the feasibility of arranging such seminars in cooperation between academia, Frøya VGS and the Blue Competence Center, raising the prospect of similar meetings in the future.
General conclusions. In spite of the limited number of compounds included in the investigations presented throughout this thesis, our findings provide strong evidence supporting the use of a model-based framework for the evaluation of drug-induced QT interval prolongation. Our results show that the assessment of drug-specific properties becomes central, disentangling noise and variability arising from systems- specific characteristics. In brief, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. There are intrinsic differences in the sensitivity to the dromotropic (QT-prolonging) effects of compounds known to block the hERG channel in non-clinical species and in humans. Cynomolgus monkeys are less sensitive to the dromotropic effects of moxifloxacin compared to humans and conscious beagle dogs less sensitive compared to cynomolgus monkeys (Chapter 3).
2. A model-based approach can distinguish drug-specific properties from (system-specific) physiological or biological characteristics. This enables the use a single model parameterisation with comparable values of the systems-specific parameters to describe the of the effects different compounds tested in dogs (Chapters 4, 5 and 6)
3. On the basis of the single mechanism-based PKPD model structure and common parameterisation, a linear correlation was identified between the slopes of the linear concentration-effect relations of nine compounds with varying affinity for hERG channels in dogs and humans. Given that intrinsic differences between species are described by systems-specific parameters, this approach enables scaling of the effects from dogs to humans, with a mean scaling factor of 11.6 (Chapter 6)
4. Although the magnitude of the QT-prolonging effects at therapeutic concentrations in humans is predictable in a strictly quantitative manner from findings using the estimates of the slope in dog studies, knowledge of the pharmacokinetic disposition in humans appears to be essential, particularly in relation to biotransformation and the potential effects of metabolites. It is also evident that the effects of more compounds need to be included in this framework to establish the accuracy and precision of the parameter estimates (Chapter 7).
5. At the moment, the classical in vitro experiments are not specific and sensitive enough to allow the characterisation of in vitro-in vivo correlations or prediction of the QT-prolonging effects at therapeutic concentrations in humans (Chapter 8).
General conclusions. 3.1 Supply
General conclusions. Severity of PKD infection and impairment due to the disease varied annually
General conclusions. The RAINS model has a modular structure that gives it an appropriate degree of flexibility to address air pollution policies at the European level. The modules address economic activitiesa and emission control policies in relation to environmental and health targets. Its limitations are determined by the a N.B Uncertainties relating to economic activities are discussed in Section 5. availability and quality of the underlying compartment models and data, and the amount of resources fed into the system. The interaction and support from countries and other organisations is crucial for the applicability of the model and the validity of its results. 4
General conclusions. The defence of the Net Book Agreement from the 1950s to its demise in 1995 was that without it there would be fewer stockholding bookshops, higher prices and fewer new titles. The evidence presented here tends to validate all three predictions (though the reduction in title numbers has occurred only recently and could prove short-lived). However, the sales performance of the book trade has been remarkably good: despite much greater competition from other forms of entertainment and education, sales of books in real terms are at a record high level. The explanation for this apparent anomaly is the importance of new distribution channels, particularly supermarkets and the Internet. Aggressive pricing on the part of these new channels has been necessary to their gain in market share. Twelve years after the end of the NBA, who are the winners and losers from the change in the pricing regime? The consumer who is happy to read best-selling titles is probably paying less than he or she would if the NBA had remained in force; the reader of other minority-interest titles is almost certainly paying more.