Hypotheses. We expected to find an association between preference and friendship quality and that this association would be mediated by empathy and prosocial behavior, since previous studies have found these three constructs to be related. When distinguishing actor and partner effects, we expected an actor effect of preference on a more positive percep- tion of the friendship by the actor, due to more empathy and more prosocial behavior of the actor. For both preference and popularity we expected partner effects. For preference as a predictor, we expected these effects to be explained
Hypotheses. It was hypothesised that in response to an amusing and sad filmclip: 1) participants with AN would exhibit altered emotion facial expression and self reported emotion compared to BN and HC participants 2) BN patients would exhibit some facial expression and self reported emotion alterations compared to HC but not as severe as AN 3) both groups would use aberrant methods of emotion regulation, as measured by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Xxxxx & Xxxx, 2003), which would be associated with altered facial expression.
Hypotheses. The present study examined facial expression, subjective experience and SC in a subsample of participants described in chapter 35. Assuming that the findings in the subgroup would be the same with regards to facial emotion expression and subjective experience as in the full sample, it was hypothesised that 1) people with AN would show attenuated facial expression and subjective experience to the amusing film clip compared to HC, but similar levels of SC 2) people with AN would show attenuated facial expression, but similar subjective experience and SC to the sad film as HC 3) people with BN would show similar levels of facial expression and subjective experience in response to the amusing and sad film clips as HC but increased SC and 4) emotion regulation strategies would be aberrant in the ED group. METHOD Participants Sixty participants took part in the study, AN=20, BN=14, HC=26. As the participants were a subsample of those in Chapter 3, methods of recruitment, inclusion and exclusion criteria were the same as described previously (p. 71).
Hypotheses. The standard game has been extensively studied in the previous literature and so we ‘know’ to expect success rates of around 40-60% (e.g. Xxxxxx and Marks 2000). Our first hypothesis is that success at providing the public good will be similar in the standard game with feedback and vector game. This is a natural assumption given that there are no strategic differences between these three games.
Hypotheses. The study focussed on the following hypotheses.
Hypotheses. In the present study, I considered relationship maintenance to be a type of supportive communication. According to Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2002, 2006), supportive communication promotes democratic decision making. Therefore, I argue that relationship maintenance promotes democratic (i.e., joint) decision making in romantic dyads:
Hypotheses. Hypothesis 1A: The level of agreement in single-gender groups will be higher than that in mixed-gender groups in FtF setting. Hypothesis 1B: Female-only groups will have a higher level of agreement than male- only groups and mixed-gender groups in CMC setting. DV Group setting IV (Gender composition) IV (Gender composition) IV (Gender composition) H 1A Level of agreement Face-to-Face Male-only groups Female-only groups Mixed- gender groups H 1B Level of agreement Computer- Mediated Communication Male-only groups Female-only groups Mixed- gender groups Hypothesis 2A: CMC setting will accentuate the level of agreement in male-only groups compared to that in FtF setting. Hypothesis 2B: CMC setting will accentuate the level of agreement in female-only groups compared to that in FtF setting. Hypothesis 2C: CMC setting will accentuate the level of agreement in mixed-gender groups compared to that in FtF setting. DV Gender composition IV (Group setting) IV ( Group setting) H 2A Level of agreement Male-only groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated H 2B Level of agreement Female-only groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated H 2C Level of agreement Mixed-gender groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated Hypothesis 3A: The level of group attraction in single-gender groups will be higher than that in mixed-gender groups in FtF setting. Hypothesis 3B: Female-only groups will have a higher level of group attraction than male-only groups and mixed-gender groups in CMC setting. DV Group setting IV (Gender composition) IV (Gender composition) IV (Gender composition) H 3A Level of group attraction Face-to-Face Male-only groups Female-only groups Mixed- gender groups H 3B Level of group attraction Computer- Mediated Male-only groups Female-only groups Mixed- gender groups Hypothesis 4A: CMC setting will attenuate the level of group attraction in male-only groups compared to that in FtF. Hypothesis 4B: CMC setting will attenuate the level of group attraction in female-only groups compared to that in FtF. Hypothesis 4C: CMC setting will attenuate the level of group attraction in mixed-gender groups compared to that in FtF. DV Gender composition IV (Setting) IV (Setting) H 4A Level of group attraction Male-only groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated H 4B Level of group attraction Female-only groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated H 4C Level of group attraction Mixed-gender groups Face-to-Face Computer- Mediated Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Participants The initial population of this study was...
Hypotheses. Hypotheses concerned the applicability of the cognitive model of caregiving to parent-child relationships in a group of clinically referred children, and the association of family environment with child difficulties, both in general, and specifically in relation to PLE severity. The primary hypothesis to be tested was whether there was an association between parent- child relationships and parental affective disturbance. The second set of hypotheses concerned the processes underlying this association, firstly the association of parental appraisals, coping and social support with parental distress, and secondly their association with EE. The final set of hypotheses investigated the association of parental affective disturbance, EE, and mediating psychological processes, with severity of child difficulties, both in general and specifically severity of PLEs. Both parent and child ratings were considered. Hypothesis One Parents who report high EE will have significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, than those who report Low EE. Hypothesis Two Parent affective disturbance will be associated with more threatening parent illness appraisals, maladaptive coping strategies and lower levels of social support. The extent to which psychosocial variables are predictive of the parent-child relationship will also be investigated, in line with the Cognitive Model of Caregiving outlined in Figure 2. Behaviour towards service user (relationship) Expressed Emotion Cognitive and affective changes Coping Strategies and Mood Disturbance Carer appraisal of service users’ behaviour/ Illness Parent Threat Appraisals Social withdrawal Social Support Availability Figure 2: Hypothesised relationships between parent variables (based on Xxxxxxx et al., 2010). Italicised font= Cognitive Model of Caregiving; Bold font= Current variable of interest. Hypothesis Three Increased child difficulties will be associated with increased parent affective disturbance, more threatening appraisals, less adaptive coping, lower levels of available social support, and greater likelihood of high EE in the parent-child relationship.
Hypotheses. Given that the NPVC is a complex agreement with generally low issue salience and numerous legal ambiguities, I argue that its implementation is unlikely. Several states have signed on to the agreement nonetheless. Why might this be? That is the central question I have set out to answer in this paper. Assuming that lawmakers are aware of the hurdles that the NPVC must face before full implementation, one explanation follows logically from these premises:
Hypotheses. The main goal of inducing more competition in the auction stage is to generate lower transaction prices and thereby reduce procurement costs. There are alternative mechanisms that can lead to this price reduction. First, awarding bids to a smaller fraction of bidders—the competitive treatment condition in our experimental design—should lower the cutoff bid price, thereby leading to lower awarded bids. Moreover, this increased competition in the auction stage might also lead suppliers to bid more aggressively, leading to lower submitted bids, which should further reduce the awarded bid prices. Overall, we expect that auctions in the competitive treatment should have lower awarded bids relative to the noncompetitive treatment. Moreover, recall that the auction stage of the FA sets the ceiling prices that suppliers can charge, but that suppliers can further lower the prices during the operation stage through price promotions. As discussed in the Introduction, while awarding a smaller number of bids may decreases ceiling prices, it is not clear that it also decrease posted and transaction prices. In fact, with fewer participants in the FA there may be less price competition in the marketplace during the operation stage, resulting in higher posted and transaction prices. This may be more apparent when one considers the long horizon of a FA and that the most cost-efficient suppliers may change over time in a way that cannot be captured by fixing the initial auction ceiling prices. In this situation, more competition may induce cheaper suppliers to decrease mark-ups through promotions throughout the FA in order to price out competitors. Based on this discussion, we postulate the following hypotheses:
