Historical Context. In light of the facts that both the composition of the bargaining unit and definitions of seniority have changed over the years, the parties recognize and mutually now reaffirm the following significant dates:
Historical Context. THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT Every society treats gender and gender differences in a culturally specific way. Moreover, social relations and structures everywhere evolve over time, creating new variations. It is striking, though, that men have always had a leading position in the majority of cultures, while women have been to a lesser or greater degree subordinated. It was not until the 19th century that groups of women openly and systematically started defying the existing social gender division, and resisting oppression. To better understand the present position of women in Mexican society, and in particular of indigenous women, it is important to look at certain historical evolutions, and to place current research in the context of feminism, including indigenous feminism. The history of feminism can be divided in different phases. Usually, the concept of ‘waves’ is used to indicate the different periods, however, it is important to realize that this term should be used with caution. Different types of activism existed and still exist simultaneously, and others overlap (XxXxxxxxx, 2000: 210). The division in waves is therefore only used to indicate general trends. As there are specialized studies discussing feminist history in detail, the goal here is not to give a complete overview, but rather to point to certain trends that are relevant for this work. A brief overview will be given of the history of the feminist movement in the West, looking at general evolutions in Europe, in particular the United Kingdom, and in the United States of America, both precursors regarding women’s rights. In Mexico, feminism developed almost in parallel with the movement in Europe and the U.S.A., but showed certain particularities worth explaining to understand the current situation of women in Mexico. In colonial times, some individual actions of female resistance can be noted in Mexico. In the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, there was a first wave of feminist initiatives of Mexican women who openly started striving for the improvement of their rights. In her work Contra viento y marea: el movimiento feminista en México hasta 1940 (2002), Xxxx Xxxxxx writes extensively about the first period of the feminist struggle, starting around the time of the Mexican Independence. It shows the long tradition of Mexican feminism, but also that feminism has often been used for political purposes rather than for the real improvement of the position of women. Xxxxxx’ very comple...
Historical Context. In 1989, shortly after the conversion to cooperative ownership, the Board of Directors adopted a policy designed to (1) provide flexibility to shareholders who need to sublet for economic and personal reasons and (2) maintain the residential character of the building. More recently, the Board recognized a third reason: to maximize the Co-op’s financial health and its ability to borrow at the most favorable rates. Modifications to the policy have been introduced over the intervening years to respond to those shareholders who wish to purchase additional apartments and establish guidelines for those shareholders who purchase apartments as a non-primary residence, for example, as a pied-à-terre, home office, artist studio, or residence for a family member. See Family Member, below. Those shareholders who do not purchase an apartment as a primary residence are not permitted to sublet. The Board reviews the policy periodically to ensure it balances the various interests of the Co-op, keeps pace with changing life-styles, and promotes the fair and reasonable application of the rules in individual cases.
Historical Context. The partition of the Indian subcontinent created a conflict over the waters of the Indus basin. In 1951, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx wrote an influential article in Colliers magazine suggesting that the World Bank use its good offices to bring India and Pakistan to an agreement over how to share and manage the river system. The President of the World Bank, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxx, agreed to act as a conduit of agreement between the two states. Finally, in 1960, after several years of arduous negotiations did an agreement take shape. Even today, the Indus Waters Treaty is the only agreement that has been faithfully implemented and upheld by both India and Pakistan. Following the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001, several high profile commentators in India suggested that the treaty should be scrapped, though the Indian government made no intimations that it was considering such a move. [For further information...] Abridged Text of Indus Waters Treaty (Signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960). The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan, being equally desirous of attaining the most complete and satisfactory utilization of the waters of the Indus system of rivers and recognizing the need, therefore, of fixing and delineating, in a spirit of goodwill and friendship, the rights and obligations of each in relation to the other concerning the use of these waters and of making provision for the settlement, in a cooperative spirit, of all such questions as may hereafter arise in regard to the interpretation or application of the provisions agreed upon herein, have resolved to conclude a Treaty in furtherance of these objectives, and for this purpose have named as their plenipotentiaries: The Government of India: Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Prime Minister of India, and The Government of Pakistan: Field Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxx, H.P., H.J., President of Pakistan, who, having communicated to each other their respective Full Powers and having found them in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles and An
Historical Context. 3. Industry and university cooperation has been shaped by historical and recent events. The United States Xxxxxxx Act of 1862 created “land-grant colleges” directed towards the application of new technological advances in agriculture and engineering to enhance the economic growth and competitiveness of the agricultural industry. Years later, World War II and the Cold War U.S. rivalry with the Soviet Union spawned new and more diverse partnerships between industry and academia, prompting the investment of billions of dollars in scientific research as a national priority and giving rise to the research university.
Historical Context. Throughout the previous 80 years many people were forcibly removed from their own Homeland Estates and contained on mission sites within the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People's collective Homeland Estate. Some of the people living within that Homeland Estate are at present Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Islander members of our community who live here by choice. Both the historical and present circumstances and choices are acknowledged by the Jagera, Xxxxxxx and Ugarapul People and we recognise that many bring their cultural understanding and practices with them. As a result there are Elders who are people who have historical connection to the area and are recognised by the Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Islander community residing within the boundaries of the Homeland Estate of the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People. Currently there are over 13,000 Aboriginal and Xxxxxx Strait Islander persons living within the Brisbane and Ipswich areas. It is therefore important to recognise the Traditional Custodians with respects to their homelands and culture so as to not impact upon their rights or perpetuate displacement. Due to the standing and rights of the Traditional Custodians with respect to their homelands it is also important to ensure that there is not a misconception about cultural practices and significant cultural symbols, as Aboriginal People are not a homogenous group and are different Nations with different languages and symbology (included in artwork and body markings). Consulting with the Traditional Custodians on Welcomes, significant ceremonies and other cultural events will support us in preserving our Laws and Lore and help us to promote awareness and understanding among the broader community about the Jagera, Yuggera and Ugarapul People and their Homeland Estate.
Historical Context. Renaissance and Baroque Spain.
Historical Context. Access to rail infrastructure by operators who are not the infrastructure owners has a long history starting from the beginning of the 19th century. Such arrangements have existed since the earliest days of railways. The 18th-century wagonways and canals operated on this basis. The Liverpool and Manchester railway had such an arrangement with Grand Junction railway in 1837. It is still common in countries with several rail companies. These arrangements, in general, managed by regulatory bodies or governments. in some cases, network management when there are traffic conflicts and incidents. • Services supplied by the access provider, including access to yards, termi- nals, maintenance, and fueling facilities. • Charges levied. 11Special thanks to Xx Xxxxxx Ul Xxxxx and Xx Xxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx for motivation, mentoring and thorough support. 12The discussion rests heavily on the PIDE-RE 8 webinar series on Pakistan Railways, jointly organised by Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and Reenergia, 2020-21 (hמּps://www.you- xxxx.xxx/xxxxx?x=X0XxX00X0X0&x=0000x) TRACK ACCESS CHARGES – SHARING THE COST These are the Payments from the Operators to the Track Owner. Track Access Charges (TAC) is a significant and widely discussed component of these arrangements. In principle, the objective of these arrangements is to share the total cost of the track between the train operator and the infrastructure owner. In 1837, the Liver pool & Manchester charged the Grand Junction one-third of the total freight rate as its track using fee. Since then, many such railway-to-railway agreements have been made to share costs. The total cost of infrastructure operation and maintenance is divided based on gross tons. Wagons have a similar effect to gross tons, are easier to full-cost minus discounts pricing, and full-cost pricing. Sweden and Britain followed marginal cost pricing, while Germany and France followed full-cost pricing.13 The diversity in charges levied indicates the complexity underlying the open-access regime and the conflicting efficiency and cost recovery objec- tive. The infrastructure costs recovered through the track access charges ranged from zero percent or near zero percent in Norway and Sweden to 100 percent in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. This reflects the rail traffic they support and the government policy towards supporting the railway. Eastern Europe is freight–oriented, so cost is recovered from freight railway traffic. Western Europe is passenger-oriented and...
Historical Context. The initial Plan First demonstration was approved for a 5-year period approved on June 29, 2003 and implemented October 1, 2000. The demonstration operated under temporary extensions until renewed for three (3) years in April 2006. The demonstration was extended for an additional three (3) years in September 2008. The demonstration operated under temporary extensions from September 2011 through April 2012 and was renewed through December 31, 2013. The demonstration was temporarily extended through December 31, 2014. Demonstration Purpose Under this demonstration, Alabama expects to promote the objectives of Title XIX by: Increasing the portion of eligible women enrolled in the Plan First and reducing age, race and geographic disparities among enrollees; Maintaining high levels of awareness of the Plan First enrollees using family planning services initially after enrollment and in subsequent years of enrollment by improving access to services and increasing the rate of return for care. Increasing the portion of the demonstration enrollees using family planning services initially after enrollment and in subsequent years of enrollment by improving access to services and increasing the rate of return visits for care; Increasing the number of Plan First enrollees who are cigarette smokers to receive either a covered Nicotine Reduction Therapy prescription, a referral to the Quit line or both. Increasing the portion of family planning visits that include referrals for primary care services where indicated; Maintaining birth rates among demonstration service users that are lower than the estimated birth rates that would be occurring in the absence of the Plan First demonstration; and Increasing the usage of the Plan First demonstration by making sterilizations available to men up to 141 percent of the FPL who are age 21 or older.
Historical Context. The Languages of Italy In order to understand the status of dialects in Italy today, it is useful to understand their past, and the changing nature of their relationship with the national standard, Italian. Historically, each of Italy’s dialects stems from a different Latin vernacular. After the Roman conquest, Latin was adopted by the disparate populations of Italy, including the Celts, Veneti, Etruscans, Umbrans, the Oscans, and others (Lepschy 2002). Each of these populations spoke a different language, whose sub-stratum influence on Latin gave rise to early forms of what are now Italy’s regional dialects (Lepschy 2002). The choice of the Tuscan (or more specifically, Florentine) vernacular as the template for the eventual standard variety resulted in part from the multitude of important works written in Florentine during the 14th century, as well as Florence’s own economic and political power (Xxxxx Xxxxx & Xxxxxx 2006). Although the written standard of the 14th century was Latin, Florentine authors such as Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxxxx chose to write in their regional spoken vernacular. Briefly, the written and spoken varieties converged. However, as the spoken vernacular of Florence changed and the written standard did not, the situation soon became 2 The terms status, solidarity, and overt and covert prestige are used here with reference to their specific linguistic meaning, as outlined in the glossary. problematic, and by the 18th century, a debate was raging between those authors that insisted on continuing to use a spoken vernacular from 400 years prior, and those that thought it had outlived its usefulness (Xxxxx Xxxxx & Xxxxxx 2006). By the time the Renaissance and the scientific revolution had swept through Italy, the vocabulary of Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxx was simply too poor to cover all the new inventions, discoveries, and philosophies of the previous four centuries. However, those few Italians that could read and write still only knew how to do so in the vernacular of 14th century Florence. This new divergence between the spoken and written form gave rise to “the language question,” or questione della lingua (Della Xxxxx & Xxxxxx 2006). The dilemma was this: no one spoke the literary language natively, and it was accessibly only to an elite educated echelon of society (Bruni 1996). It was primarily “una lingua da apprendere sui libri3” that was high on prestige but low on practicality (Bruni 1996: xxxiii). Although outdated and limited in scope, ...
