Situation Analysis. This section of the plan identifies the constraints and assumptions that exist for the program. Program assumptions are statements taken for granted or truth that define the scope of the program. Constraints are restrictions that affect the scope of the program. Both are circumstances and events that need to be managed for the program to be successful but are outside the total control of the program team. The assumptions and constraints provide a historical perspective when evaluating the program’s performance and determining justification for program-related decisions and direction.
Situation Analysis. The situation analysis in this section is not comprehensive. It does not aim to provide a substantive political economy analysis of the electoral environment in Pakistan, or the relationships, incentives and power structures which have shaped the evolution of this environment. Rather the aperture for the analysis, for the purposes of brevity, is narrowed to the specific thematic areas that define the programme of work detailed in the pages that follow. The analysis provided focuses on the current operational context from a programming perspective. It identifies the political constraints, and the perceived political risks, in order to ensure that planned interventions are politically informed; assesses, where applicable, the institutional capacity, and appetite, for external assistance; and, in broad terms, highlights why and where specific programme interventions are required. The performance of the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), as an institution, and the extent to which political parties and voters have confidence in its ability to ensure credible and legitimate elections, has a direct bearing on political stability in Pakistan. Notwithstanding the incremental progress it has made over the past five years, the ECP will continue to require international technical assistance throughout the current electoral cycle, and for at least the first quarter of the next electoral cycle. This is the estimated timeframe required for external assistance to support the ECP in addressing electoral administration and institutional development challenges, and ensuring longer term sustainability. The bullets below provide a summary of some of the core challenges that undermine the ECP’s ability to enhance the quality of elections in Pakistan.
Situation Analysis. 2.1 With a human development index ranking of 126 out of 187, the Kyrgyz Republic is in the lower half of the medium human development countries. It rises seventeen places in the inequality-adjusted human development index. The country is 66 of 146 countries in UNDP’s gender inequality index.1 The country’s 2010 MDG report indicates that the country is unlikely to meet the MDGs for child and maternal mortality, tuberculosis, sanitation, and gender equality, although it is on track on extreme poverty reduction, access to basic secondary education, and access to improved water sources.2 Maternal mortality (51.2 deaths per 100,000 births in 2010) and child mortality (37 per 1,000) were relatively high by regional standards.
Situation Analysis. The context: The Himalayan region is susceptible to a whole range of geo-physical and hydro- meteorological hazards. Over the past decades, the already high hazard and risk profile of the region has further exacerbated with increase in incidence of climate-induced hydro-meteorological disasters. Outside the polar region, the short-term and long-term impacts of climate change are being felt more perceptibly in the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) region. With warming in the Himalayas being greater than the global average, there has been an increase in the number, frequency and intensity of hydro-meteorological hazards like glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), floods, flash floods, cloud-bursts, landslides and droughts. Hydro-meteorological disasters are the most common in Asia and during 1991-2005 the highest number of people affected by these disasters was in Asia (CRED). Climatic impacts are further exacerbating these incidents and also changing the hydrological cycle. The combined effect being a virtual re-definition of the hazard, risk and vulnerability profile. The communities are exposed to new and bigger challenges and the vulnerability of people, already high due to unsafe construction practices, lack of preparedness planning and inadequate capacity, is increasing. The fragile mountain eco-system is under severe strain. Remote terrain and scattered population impair access to health, education, communication, response mechanisms etc. More often than not, it takes much longer for external assistance to reach affected communities. Inadequate capacity of local administrations and mountain communities compounds the vulnerabilities which undermine lives, livelihoods and viability of socio-economic assets and development infrastructure. Climatic hazards and risk mitigation: Risks and vulnerabilities of mountain regions have received inadequate attention amongst disaster risk management practitioners. The fact that hazards in the region are bound in a delicate cause and effect relationship and together combine to increase risk also needs to be sufficiently addressed. There is a felt need to understand and assess the risks posed by climatic hazards and address existing and emerging risks through comprehensive risk reduction strategies. The institutional structures for addressing risk reduction issues including climate change and variability impacts have either not been set- up or are at a nascent stage with inadequate capacity. Most countries are yet to formulat...
Situation Analysis. 2.1 Armenia's economic policy has been shaped since the mid-1990s by market-oriented reforms and macro- economic stability frameworks. These "first generation" reforms stimulated average annual growth of 12% in 2001-2007. However, growth remains narrowly based, with exports concentrated in a few products. Deficien- cies in the business environment are a particular handicap for small and medium-sized firms. The economy makes insufficient use of knowledge and innovation. Poverty reduction has relied significantly on fiscal trans- fers and private remittances. As a result, unemployment still affects one-fifth of the labor force, with rates espe- cially high outside the capital. Regional economic disparities remain pronounced. Income per capita averaged US$2,100 in 2007.
Situation Analysis. 2.1 Despite classifications as high and middle human development countries on the global Human Development Index (HDI), Barbados and OECS Member States have experienced similar economic recession and social impacts, as other regions. The prolonged global recession and multiple crises in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America7 have impacted the 10 programme countries supported by the UNDP Barbados Subregional Office.
Situation Analysis. In 2010 Jamaica was reclassified as an upper middle income country. According to the 2009 Jamaica Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report, the country has achieved the MDG goal of universal primary education and, is on track for ensuring environmental sustainability and eradicating extreme hunger. The population living in poverty decreased from 28.4% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2007; but increased to 17.6% in 2010 as indicated by the PIOJ in their May 2011 press briefing. The distribution of poverty is unequal, with 20.4% of children reported as living below the poverty line and 22.5% of the poor living in rural areas in 2009. Female-headed households represent 45.5% of all households, are larger and continue to consume at lower levels per capita than male-headed households. However, the JSLC 2009 speaks to an overall improvement in the standard of living in female-headed households relative to male-headed, particularly at consumption levels above the J$1 million per annum mark. (Jamaica is currently highly indebted, and has been receiving International Monetary Fund (IMF) support since February 2010. In light of the deferral of the scheduled tests under the IMF programme for three (3) quarters, discussions have been taking place up to the end of 2011 to determine whether the programme will continue for another cycle. Stimulating economic growth, in particular employment generation is critical. As the Common Country Assessment (CCA) highlights, high rates of crime, a crisis of public confidence and the civil unrest and state of emergency of 2010, have emphasized the need for governance reforms and an improved framework for addressing key developmental challenges.
Situation Analysis. 2.1 Ukraine is a middl-eincome country with GDP per capita of US6$,698 (in PPP terms) in 2011S0.even years of average annual economic growth of 7.5 per cent from 2000 until-2m0i0d8 was followed by severe economic crisis, ͙͜Ǥ͠ ͚͘͘͡Ǥ f m ode ra͚te ͙͘͘ǡ improvements in external demand. In 2011, the real GDP growth is estimated to reach 5 per cent compared to 4.2 per cent in 2010. Since 2005, Ukraine has implemented a series of key reforms, in particular adoption of a new budget code, establishment of a Single Treasury Account, adoption of the new Joint Stock Company law, introduction of agriculture land titling, among othersI.n 2008 Ukraine became the 1n5dm2 ember of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In October 2011, Ukraine signed an agrenetmoen the creation of a free trade area with the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Creation of a free tararedae with the European Union (EU) could serve as an additional anchor for further reforms.
Situation Analysis. 2.1. Accession to the European Union (EU) is at the core of the country‟s development agenda. The shared common vision for joining EU generates the necessary momentum for political, economic and social reforms and contributes to building consensus on important policy issues across ethnic lines and political divides. Acceding to the EU represents tremendous opportunity, but also a challenge for the country, particularly due to the country‟s low socio-economic standing and capacity constraints1.
Situation Analysis. The Government of Japan (GoJ) announced a USD 5 billion assistance package including USD
