ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Sample Clauses

ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS. Alcohol is a class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl group, -OH, as the functional group. Alcohol can be classified into three which are primary alcohol (1°), secondary alcohol (2°) and tertiary alcohol (3°). The three different classes of alcohol can be differentiated through the rate of reaction of the alcohol with hydrogen halide using the Xxxxx reagent (a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride). Primary alcohols react very slowly while secondary alcohols react within 5 minutes of the addition of the Xxxxx reagent and form a cloudy mixture due to the formation of alkyl chloride. In the case of tertiary alcohols, two phases will appear almost immediately due to the formation of alkyl chloride upon the addition of the Xxxxx reagent. Alcohols can also be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. The product formed depends upon the class of alcohol used. The three classes of alcohols differ in their oxidation behavior. P rimary alcohols yield aldehydes and secondary alcohols yield ketones upon oxidation, while tertiary alcohols yield no carbonyl product under the normal oxidizing conditions. The common reagent used for oxidation of alcohols is potassium dichromate. Phenols are compounds in which the hydroxyl group is attached directly onto a benzene ring. Phenols are usually acidic and usually dissolve in 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Most phenols react with ferric chloride solution to give red, blue, purple or green complexes. Phenols also react readily with bromine water to give a substituted product in the form of a white precipitate. For example, the reaction between phenol and bromine water gave the 2,4,6-tribromphenol as shown below.
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