Exhibit 10.3
LICENSE AND SPONSORED RESEARCH AGREEMENT
THIS Agreement made and entered into this fifteenth day of September,
1998 by and between DUKE UNIVERSITY, a North Carolina not-for-profit
corporation, (hereinafter called the "LICENSOR"), having its principal office at
Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx 00000, and MicroIslet, Inc. a corporation organized under
the laws of California (hereinafter called the "LICENSEE"), having its principal
office at 0000 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx 000, Xx Xxxxx, XX 00000.
WHEREAS, LICENSOR has certain SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS
(hereinafter defined) relating to therapies for diabetes invented by Xx.
Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx, an employee of LICENSOR, which it is willing to make
available to LICENSEE subject to the terms of this Agreement in order that the
SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS may be utilized in the public interest; and
WHEREAS, LICENSOR has the right to grant licenses to use SUBJECT
TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS; and
WHEREAS, LICENSEE will obtain resources, proprietary technology, and
expertise to develop SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS into useful products;
and
WHEREAS, LICENSEE wishes to commercialize products based on SUBJECT
TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS;
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the faithful
performance of the covenants herein contained, IT IS AGREED:
ARTICLE 1 - DEFINITIONS
1.01 For the purposes of this Agreement, and solely for that purpose,
the terms and phrases set forth hereinafter in capital letters shall be defined
as follows:
a. "AFFILIATE" shall mean any party which directly or
indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under
common control with any party to this Agreement. A
party shall be regarded as in control of another
party if it owns, or directly or indirectly, controls
at least fifty percent (50%) of the voting stock or
other ownership interest of the party, or if it
directly or indirectly possesses the power to direct
or to cause the direction of the management and
policies of the other party by any means whatsoever.
b. "APPROVAL" shall mean the registration of a LICENSED
PRODUCT with a REGULATORY AGENCY following approval
for marketing by the REGULATORY AGENCY.
c. "EFFECTIVE DATE" shall mean September 15, 1998.
d. "LICENSED PRODUCT" shall mean any product in any
field of use that infringes upon a valid claim of
PATENT RIGHTS or utilizes the SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY.
e. "NET SALES" shall mean the gross proceeds from sales
of LICENSED PRODUCTS by LICENSEE, its AFFILIATES, and
any sublicensees to unaffiliated third parties,
expressed in United States dollars less, first,
allowances for returns, chargebacks, and product
discounts actually given to customers; and, second,
import, export value added tax, excise and sales tax,
custom duties or other similar taxes or government
assessment collected on such sales; and, third,
rebates under the medical prescription drug rebate
and improved access to medicines requirements of the
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990.
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In the event that a LICENSED PRODUCT under this
Agreement is sold in a combination product containing
one or more active agreements or components, then NET
SALES on the combination product shall be calculated
using one of the following methods:
(i). By multiplying the price of the
combination product by the fraction A/A+B, where A is
the gross selling price, during the royalty-paying
period being considered, of the LICENSED PRODUCT sold
separately, and B is the gross selling price, during
the royalty period in question, of the active
ingredients or components sold separately; or
(ii). In the event that no such separate
sales are made of the LICENSED PRODUCT, NET SALES on
the combination product for royalty determination
shall be as reasonably allocated between such
LICENSED PRODUCT and other active ingredients or
components, based on their relative importance and
proprietary protection, as agreed by the parties. If
the parties fail to reach agreement, such allocation
shall be submitted to binding arbitration.
f. "OPTION PERIOD" shall mean a time period during which
LICENSEE shall have an option to acquire an
exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license of
LICENSOR'S sole or joint rights to an INVENTION, said
time period beginning when LICENSOR notifies LICENSEE
that a new INVENTION has been made during the
RESEARCH PROGRAM and extending continuously for
ninety (90) days after said disclosure.
g. "PATENT RIGHTS" shall mean the PROVISIONAL
APPLICATION and all non-provisional patent
applications, continuations, continuations in part,
divisions, reissues, re-examinations, extensions or
other government actions which extend the subject
matter of the PROVISIONAL APPLICATION, and any
foreign patent applications, and any patent, patents
of addition, or other equivalent foreign patents
issuing, granted, or registered based on or resulting
from the PROVISIONAL APPLICATION and continuations in
part applications, and resulting patents that are
directed to subject matter described in the
PROVISIONAL APPLICATION. PATENT RIGHTS shall only
include applications that (i) cover the SUBJECT
TECHNOLOGY (ii) name Xx. Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx as an
inventor and (iii) are assigned to the LICENSOR.
h. "PROVISIONAL APPLICATION" shall mean a provisional
patent application to be filed by LICENSOR at the
United States Patent and Trademark Office within
forty-five [45] days after the EFFECTIVE DATE to
protect the SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY.
i. "PROCEEDS" shall mean all consideration, with the
sole exception of amounts received for research and
development, marketing and manufacturing expenses,
and bona fide equity investments not in excess of the
fair market value and any debt financing received by
LICENSEE from third parties pursuant to all business
activities relating to LICENSED PRODUCTS, including,
without limitation, the development, manufacture,
testing, marketing, sales, distribution, and
promotion of LICENSED PRODUCTS. PROCEEDS shall
include, without limitation, NET SALES of LICENSED
PRODUCTS by LICENSEE, its AFFILIATES, and its
sublicensees; all amounts received as payments in
consideration of establishing sublicense or other
alliances involving LICENSED PRODUCTS; all amounts
received as milestone payments for product
development; and all amounts received as sales
bonuses. In the event that PROCEEDS include non-cash
consideration, the parties will negotiate in good
faith to establish the cash value of such
consideration, and LICENSEE shall make a cash payment
to LICENSOR equal to five percent [5%] of the cash
value so determined.
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j. "REGULATORY AGENCY" shall mean United States Food and
Drug Administration or a comparable agency legally
empowered to approve and regulate manufacture, sales,
or distribution of medical services and products in a
country outside the United States.
k. "RESEARCH PROGRAM" shall mean the research program
that is specified in detail in Exhibit B attached
hereto and made a part hereof.
l. "SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY" shall mean the technology
licensed hereunder described in detail in Exhibit A
attached hereto and made a part hereof, and
alterations thereto which have heretofore been
conceived and/or reduced to practice by LICENSOR, its
employees, faculty members or students, as evidenced
by written records. Exhibit A is hereby acknowledged
to consist of Duke University Office of Science and
Technology File #1538 describing technology invented
by Xx. Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx.
ARTICLE 2 - LICENSE
2.01 The LICENSOR hereby grants to the LICENSEE and LICENSEE hereby
accepts from LICENSOR, upon the terms and conditions herein specified, an
exclusive, world-wide license to make, have made, use, offer to sell and sell
LICENSED PRODUCTS, with the right to sublicense under the conditions specified
in Article 5 herein.
ARTICLE 3 - RESEARCH PROGRAM
3.01 As partial consideration for the rights granted in Article 2
herein, LICENSEE shall provide to LICENSOR support for the RESEARCH PROGRAM in
the FIELD.
3.02 WORK. LICENSOR agrees to use its best effort to perform the
RESEARCH PROGRAM described in the "Statement of Work" ("STATEMENT"), a copy of
which is attached to this Agreement as Exhibit B.
3.03 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR. The research will be supervised by Xx.
Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx ("INVESTIGATOR"). If for any reason INVESTIGATOR is unable to
continue to serve as Principal Investigator and a successor acceptable to both
LICENSOR and LICENSEE is not available, the Agreement may be terminated in
accordance with Article 13 below.
3.04 BUDGET. In consideration of the foregoing, and as more
specifically provided in the budget included as Exhibit B, LICENSEE will pay
LICENSOR for all direct and indirect costs incurred in the performance of the
research as set forth in the STATEMENT, a total not to exceed four hundred
eighty five thousand three hundred and twenty dollars [$485,320]. Payment
will be made to LICENSOR by LICENSEE, in advance, in the form of twelve (12)
payments on the schedule set forth in Exhibit B.
3.05 TERM. The RESEARCH PROGRAM will be conducted during a one year
period commencing October 1, 1998 and concluding on or before September 30,
1999. This RESEARCH PROGRAM will be renewable for additional periods upon the
mutual consent of the parties by a new agreement or by amendment hereto
expressed in writing and signed by both parties.
3.06 TERMINATION COSTS. In the event that this Agreement is terminated
under the provisions of Article 13, other than 13.5 or due to breach by
LICENSOR, LICENSOR will proceed in an orderly fashion to terminate any
outstanding commitments and to stop the work as soon as it is practicable to do
so. All reasonable costs to LICENSOR associated with termination will be
considered reimbursable costs, including costs incurred prior to the notice of
termination but which have not yet been reimbursed, and commitments existing at
the time the notice of termination is received which cannot be canceled. This
shall include all noncancelable contracts and fellowships or postdoctoral
associate appointments incurred prior to the effective date of termination.
After termination, any obligation of LICENSEE for fellowships or postdoctoral
associates shall end no later than the end of LICENSEE's academic year following
termination. In no case will reimbursement under this Agreement exceed the total
estimated project costs specified in Exhibit B.
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3.07 REPORTS. LICENSOR will provide LICENSEE with quarterly progress
reports on the RESEARCH PROGRAM. In addition, LICENSOR will provide LICENSEE
with a final report on THE RESEARCH PROGRAM within sixty (60) days of
termination of the research supported under the RESEARCH PROGRAM. All reports
provided under this Article 3.07 will be treated as confidential INFORMATION as
defined in Article 8 herein.
3.08 PUBLICATION. LICENSOR shall be free to use the results of the
subject research for its own teaching, research, educational, clinical and
publication purposes without the payment of royalties or other fees. LICENSOR
agrees to submit to LICENSEE for its review, a copy of any proposed publication
resulting from the subject research at least sixty (60) days prior to the
estimated date of publication, and if no response is received within thirty (30)
days of the date submitted to LICENSEE, it will be conclusively presumed that
the publication may proceed without delay. If LICENSEE determines that the
proposed publication contains patentable subject matters which require
protection, LICENSEE may require the delay of the publication for a period of
time not to exceed sixty (60) days for the purpose of allowing the pursuit of
such protection. LICENSEE shall treat all materials submitted for review under
this Article 3.08 as confidential INFORMATION as defined in Article 8 herein.
3.09 OPTION TO INVENTIONS.
a. Any new invention, development, or discovery
resulting from the subject research ("INVENTION")
shall be promptly disclosed in writing to LICENSEE.
LICENSEE is hereby granted, without option fee other
than the consideration of the research sponsored
herein and the reimbursement of DUKE for patent
expenses as discussed in the following paragraph, an
option to acquire an exclusive, worldwide,
royalty-bearing license of DUKE'S rights to any
INVENTION, which option shall extend for ninety (90)
days after LICENSEE'S receipt of an INVENTION
disclosure [the OPTION PERIOD]. If LICENSEE notifies
DUKE in writing of its exercise of the option within
the OPTION PERIOD, then the parties will proceed in
good faith to negotiate a license agreement within
ninety days on terms mutually agreed upon.
b. During the OPTION PERIOD, LICENSOR shall have
responsibility for filing, prosecuting and
maintaining appropriate patent protection for any new
INVENTIONS. All of the expenses of pursuing such
patent protection shall be paid by LICENSOR. LICENSOR
shall invoice LICENSEE for reimbursement of such
patent expenses during the OPTION PERIOD, and
LICENSEE shall reimburse LICENSOR within thirty [30]
days of receipt of such invoices. Failure by LICENSEE
to reimburse LICENSOR within said thirty [30] day
period will cancel the option granted to LICENSEE
under Section 3.09.a, and LICENSOR shall be free to
dispose of the INVENTION in any way LICENSEE shall
see fit.
3.10 COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS. The RESEARCH PROGRAM will be conducted in
accordance with, and the INVESTIGATOR and LICENSOR will comply with all federal,
state, and local laws and regulations applicable to the RESEARCH PROJECT.
ARTICLE 4 - CONSIDERATION
4.01 LICENSOR shall receive from LICENSEE consideration for the rights
granted to LICENSEE herein as follows:
a. LICENSEE shall sponsor the RESEARCH PROGRAM specified
in Article 2 herein.
b. LICENSEE shall pay to LICENSOR a running royalty of
five percent [5%] of all PROCEEDS, such royalty to be
paid as specified in Article 6 herein. In the event
that LICENSEE must pay to a third party additional
royalties on NET SALES in order to commercialize a
LICENSED PRODUCT, royalty stacking will be capped so
that the total royalty due to LICENSOR and any other
third parties will not exceed ten percent [10%] of
NET SALES, provided, first, that the royalty due to
all parties receiving royalties is diluted to the
same degree, and second, that the royalty due to
LICENSOR shall not be less than 1% on NET SALES.
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c. Upon execution of this Agreement, LICENSEE shall
transfer to LICENSOR fifty thousand [50,000] shares
of the original pool of founders' common stock in
MicroIslet, Inc. issued prior to financing, an amount
equal to two and one-half percent [2.5%] of such
stock.
d. Upon issuance of the first patent application
protecting commercially significant claims involving
the SUBJECT TECHNOLOGY or matter disclosed in the
PROVISIONAL APPLICATION, LICENSEE shall transfer to
LICENSOR an additional amount of common stock in
MicroIslet, Inc., such stock being equivalent to an
additional two and one-half percent [2.5%] of the
pre-financing founders' shares.
e. Upon APPROVAL of a LICENSED PRODUCT, LICENSEE shall
transfer to LICENSOR an additional amount of common
stock in MicroIslet, Inc., such stock being
equivalent to an additional two and one-half percent
[2.5%] of the pre-financing founders' shares.
4.02 All stock transferred by LICENSEE to LICENSOR as consideration
shall be diluted during subsequent financing to the same degree as the stock
held by other founders.
ARTICLE 5 - SUBLICENSES
5.01 LICENSEE shall have the right to grant sublicenses without
LICENSOR approval. Any such sublicenses shall be subject to terms of this
Agreement. LICENSEE agrees to be responsible for the performance hereunder by
its sublicensees. If, for any reason, this license agreement is terminated,
LICENSEE agrees to assign all sublicenses directly to LICENSOR.
ARTICLE 6 - REPORTING & RECORDS
6.01 LICENSEE shall render to LICENSOR prior to February 28th and
August 31st of each year a written account of all PROCEEDS received by the
LICENSEE during the prior six month periods ending December 31st and June 30th,
respectively, and shall simultaneously pay to LICENSOR the royalties due on such
PROCEEDS in United States Dollars. The royalty on NET SALES made in currencies
other than US Dollars shall be calculated using the appropriate foreign exchange
rate for such currency quoted by the Bank of America (San Francisco) foreign
exchange desk on the close of the last banking day of each calendar quarter. All
non-US taxes related to royalty payments shall be paid by LICENSEE and are not
deductible from the payments due to LICENSOR.
6.02 LICENSEE shall keep full, true and accurate books of accounts and
other records containing all particulars which may be necessary to properly
ascertain and verify the royalties payable by them hereunder. Upon LICENSOR's
request, LICENSEE shall permit an independent Certified Public Accountant
selected by LICENSOR (except one to whom LICENSEE has some reasonable objection)
to examine during ordinary business hours to such of LICENSEE's records as may
be necessary to determine, in respect of any quarter ending not more than two
(2) years prior to the date of such request, the correctness of any report
and/or payment made under this Agreement.
6.03 During the term of this Agreement, LICENSEE will submit annual
progress reports to LICENSOR by February 28 of each year which discuss the
progress and results, as well as ongoing plans, with respect to the plan for the
development of LICENSED PRODUCTS negotiated under Article 7. LICENSOR shall have
the right to request one meeting per year to discuss such information. Should it
be necessary for LICENSOR's personnel to meet with LICENSEE outside of Durham,
North Carolina, LICENSEE will reimburse reasonable travel and living expenses
incident thereto.
6.04 All reports made under this Article 7 shall be treated as
confidential INFORMATION as defined in Article 8 herein.
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ARTICLE 7 - DUE DILIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
7.01 LICENSEE shall use its best efforts to bring LICENSED PRODUCTS to
market through a thorough, vigorous and diligent program for exploitation of the
PATENT RIGHTS, to develop manufacturing capabilities itself or through third
parties, and to continue active, diligent marketing efforts for LICENSED
PRODUCTS, including a vigorous sublicensing program to effect commercialization
of LICENSED PRODUCTS in any field that the LICENSEE decides not to exploit on
its own, throughout the life of this Agreement.
7.02 LICENSEE and LICENSOR agree to negotiate in good faith a mutually
acceptable and commercially reasonable schedule for developing LICENSED
PRODUCTS. Such negotiations shall begin no later than three [3] months following
the termination of the RESEARCH PROGRAM. This schedule will be used to determine
if LICENSOR is showing due diligence in developing LICENSED PRODUCTS.
7.03 LICENSOR may or convert this Agreement to a non-exclusive
Agreement in a particular field of interest if LICENSEE fails materially to meet
any of the mutually agreed commercialization milestones with respect to such
field of interest established through the negotiations specified in Articles
7.02 herein.
ARTICLE 8 - CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
8.01 "Confidential Information" ("INFORMATION") shall mean all
information provided by one party to the other and clearly identified as
confidential by the transmitting party at the time of disclosure. Specifically
excepted from this definition is all information: (a) known by the receiving
party at the time of disclosure; (b) publicly disclosed except by breach of this
Agreement; (c) rightfully received by the receiving party from a third party
without an express obligation of confidence; (d) independently developed by the
employees or agents of either party without any knowledge of the confidential
information provided by the other party; or (e) is disclosed pursuant to any
judicial or government request, requirement or order, provided that the
disclosing party takes reasonable steps to provide the other party with
sufficient prior notice in order to allow the other party to contest such
request, requirement or order. The party receiving the INFORMATION agrees to
hold that INFORMATION in trust and confidence for the transmitting party, using
the same care and discretion that the receiving party uses with similar
INFORMATION which it considers confidential. The receiving party will not use
INFORMATION other than for the benefit of the two parties and relating to the
Agreement and except as may be provided for in Article 3.08 regarding
publication herein, neither party will disclose such information without
authorization from the other party. This provision shall remain in effect during
the term of this Agreement and for three (3) years thereafter.
ARTICLE 9 - PATENTS
9.01 LICENSOR shall have responsibility for the filing, prosecuting and
maintaining the appropriate United States patent protection for PATENT RIGHTS
and for any new INVENTIONS. All of the expenses of such protection shall be paid
by LICENSOR, and LICENSEE shall reimburse LICENSOR for all such expenses within
thirty [30] days of receiving invoices for such expenses from LICENSOR. LICENSOR
shall keep LICENSEE advised as to prosecution of such applications by forwarding
to LICENSEE copies of all official correspondence relating thereto and shall
take into account LICENSEE's reasonable comments thereto. The parties agree to
cooperate in the prosecution of all patent applications to insure that the
applications reflect, to the best of each party's knowledge, all items of
commercial and technical interest and importance. LICENSOR agrees to provide
LICENSEE with copies of all correspondence and information related to PATENT
RIGHTS, to consult with LICENSEE on all decisions related to PATENT RIGHTS, and
to consider all recommendations made by LICENSEE with regard to PATENT RIGHTS.
9.02 Article 9.01 not withstanding, the parties agree that LICENSEE
shall reimburse LICENSOR no more than ten thousand dollars [$10,000] for
expenses incurred by LICENSOR in connection with the initial filing of the
PROVISIONAL APPLICATION.
9.03 LICENSEE shall designate the foreign countries, if any, in which
LICENSEE desires patent protection, and LICENSOR shall proceed to obtain such
protection. LICENSOR shall diligently pursue patent protection in the countries
so designated by LICENSEE. LICENSEE shall reimburse LICENSOR for all expenses
incurred by LICENSOR with regard to such foreign patent protection. LICENSOR may
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elect to seek patent protection in countries not so designated by LICENSEE, in
which case LICENSOR shall be responsible for all expenses attendant thereto;
however, in such instances LICENSEE shall forfeit its rights under this license
agreement as to those countries unless LICENSEE shall agree to pursue such
protection within thirty (30) days after receiving written notice.
9.04 Each party shall give the other party prompt notice of each claim
or allegation received by it that the manufacture, use or sale of LICENSED
PRODUCTS constitutes a significant infringement of a third party patent or
patents. LICENSEE shall have the primary right and responsibility at its own
expense to defend and control the defense of any such claim against LICENSEE, by
counsel of its choosing. The settlement of any such actions must be approved by
LICENSOR, which approval may not be unreasonably withheld. LICENSOR agrees to
cooperate with LICENSEE in any reasonable manner deemed by LICENSEE to be
necessary in defending or prosecuting such action. LICENSEE shall reimburse
LICENSOR for all expenses incurred in providing such assistance. In the event
LICENSEE recovers any proceeds in excess of its costs incurred through such
actions, all remaining proceeds shall be considered PROCEEDS to be retained by
LICENSEE except for the royalty due to LICENSOR under section 4.01.b of this
Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, LICENSOR shall, in its sole
discretion, be entitled to participate through counsel of its own choosing in
any such action.
ARTICLE 10 - INFRINGEMENT BY THIRD PARTIES
10.01 Upon learning of the infringement of PATENT RIGHTS by a third
party, the party learning of such infringement shall promptly inform the other
party in writing of that fact along with any evidence available pertaining to
the infringement. LICENSEE may at its own expense take whatever steps are
necessary to stop the infringement and recover damages. In such case, LICENSEE
will keep LICENSOR informed of the steps taken and the progress of any legal
actions taken. LICENSEE agrees to pay LICENSOR one half of any such damages
recovered. If LICENSEE does not undertake, within sixty (60) days of notice, to
enforce the PATENT RIGHTS against the infringing party, the LICENSOR shall have
the right, at its own expense to take whatever steps are necessary to stop the
infringement and recover damages, and shall be entitled to retain damages so
recovered.
ARTICLE 11 - GOVERNMENT CLEARANCE,
PUBLICATION, OTHER USE, EXPORT
11.01 LICENSEE agrees to use its best efforts to have the SUBJECT
TECHNOLOGY cleared for marketing in those countries in which LICENSEE intends to
sell LICENSED PRODUCTS by the responsible government agencies requiring such
clearance. To accomplish said clearances at the earliest possible date, LICENSEE
agrees to file, according to the usual practice of LICENSEE, any necessary data
with said government agencies. Should LICENSEE cancel this Agreement, LICENSEE
agrees to assign its full interest and title in such market clearance
application to LICENSOR at no cost to LICENSOR and to negotiate in good faith a
non-exclusive license to all data relating thereto.
11.02 This license agreement is subject to all of the United States
laws and regulations controlling the export of technical data, computer
software, laboratory prototypes and other commodities and technology.
ARTICLE 12 -- RELATIONSHIP
12.01 LICENSOR's relationship to LICENSEE under this agreement will be
that of an independent contractor and not an agent, joint venturer or partner of
LICENSEE.
ARTICLE 13 - DURATION AND TERMINATION
13.01 This Agreement shall become effective upon the EFFECTIVE DATE,
and unless sooner terminated in accordance with any of the provisions herein,
shall remain in full force and effect in each country for the life of the
last-to-expire of the patents in such country included in the PATENT RIGHTS, or,
until such PATENT RIGHTS may be extended in such country by in terms of
Regulatory Market Exclusivity, e.g. Waxman Hatch ruling, European Community
regulatory exclusivity or if later, until the Market Exclusivity Position of the
LICENSED PRODUCT(S) ends through a generic entrant either into the US, Japan, or
a European country.
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13.02 LICENSEE may terminate the license granted herein and Articles 2,
4, 5, 6.01, 6.03, 6.04, 7, and 11 of this Agreement by giving LICENSOR written
notice at least three (3) months prior to such termination, and thereupon
terminate the manufacture, use or sale of LICENSED PRODUCTS.
13.03 LICENSEE shall transfer to LICENSOR at LICENSEE'S cost all
product licenses, product regulatory approvals, and sublicenses based on SUBJECT
TECHNOLOGY and PATENT RIGHTS licensed under this Agreement if the license
granted herein is terminated under Article 13.02.
13.04 LICENSEE's obligation to support the RESEARCH PROGRAM under the
terms and conditions specified in all subsections of Article 3 and Exhibit B and
also Articles 1, 6.02, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
shall survive termination of the license and related terms of this Agreement
under Article 13.02. In the event that LICENSEE elects to terminate the license
under Article 13.02, all obligations, terms, and conditions listed in the
previous sentence shall remain in force until the termination of the RESEARCH
PROGRAM. Upon termination of the license as specified herein, LICENSEE may, upon
written notice to LICENSOR, terminate the RESEARCH PROGRAM prior to the date
specified in Article 3.05, said early termination to be subject to the
conditions specified in Article 3.06. When all obligations under the RESEARCH
PROGRAM have been met, this Agreement shall terminate in its entirety, except as
specified in Articles 13.06 and 13.08.
13.05 Either party may immediately terminate this Agreement for fraud,
willful misconduct, or illegal conduct of the other party upon written notice of
same to that other party. Except as provided above, if either party fails to
fulfill any of its obligations under this Agreement, the non-breaching party may
terminate this Agreement, upon written notice to the breaching party, as
provided below. Such notice must contain a full description of the event or
occurrence constituting a breach of the Agreement. The party receiving notice of
the breach will have the opportunity to cure that breach within thirty (30) days
of receipt of notice. If the breach is not cured within that time, the
termination will be effective as of the thirtieth (30th) day after receipt of
notice. A party's ability to cure a breach will apply only to the first two
breaches properly noticed under the terms of this Agreement, regardless of the
nature of those breaches. Any subsequent breach by that party will entitle the
other party to terminate this Agreement upon proper notice.
13.06 Upon the termination of this Agreement, LICENSEE may notify
LICENSOR of the amount of LICENSED PRODUCT LICENSEE then has on hand, and
LICENSEE shall then have a license to sell that amount of LICENSED PRODUCT, but
no more, provided LICENSEE shall pay the royalty thereon at the rate and at the
time provided for.
13.07 If during the term of this Agreement, LICENSEE shall become
bankrupt or insolvent or if the business of LICENSEE shall be placed in the
hands of a receiver or trustee, whether by the voluntary act of LICENSEE or
otherwise, LICENSEE will be allowed one year to reorganize itself out of
bankruptcy. If LICENSEE shall cease to exist as an active business or fails to
reorganize itself from bankruptcy within this one year period, this Agreement
shall immediately terminate.
13.08 Articles 6.02, 8 and 17 shall survive termination of this
Agreement.
ARTICLE 14 - LAW TO GOVERN
14.01 This Agreement shall be construed and enforced in accordance with
the laws of the State of North Carolina.
ARTICLE 15 - NOTICES
15.01 Notice hereunder shall be deemed sufficient if given by
registered mail, postage prepaid, and addressed to the party to receive such
notice at the address given below, or such other address as may hereafter be
designated by notice in writing.
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LICENSOR LICENSEE
Office of Science and Technology Mr. Xxxx Xxxxx
Xxxx University President
Xxxx 000, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx XxxxxXxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, Xxx.
Xxx 00000 0000 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx 000,
Xxxxxx, XX 00000 Xx Xxxxx, XX 00000
cc: Office of the University Counsel
Duke University/DUMC Box 3024.
0000 Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx 0000
Xxxxxx, XX 00000
ARTICLE 16 - ASSIGNMENT
16.01 This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of
the respective successors and assigns of the parties hereto. However, LICENSEE
may not assign its rights in this Agreement without approval by LICENSOR, such
approval not to be unreasonably withheld, provided that LICENSEE may assign this
Agreement or any portion hereof to an AFFILIATE or to a successor of all or
substantially all of its business relating to the PATENT RIGHTS without the
approval of LICENSOR and shall provide LICENSOR with written notice within
thirty [30] days of such assignment.
ARTICLE 17 - INDEMNITY, INSURANCE, AND STATUS
17.01 LICENSEE agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend LICENSOR,
its officers, employees, and agents, against any and all claims, suits, losses,
damages, costs, fees, and expenses asserted by third parties, both government
and non-government, resulting from or arising out of (a) product liability with
respect to a LICENSED PRODUCT or (b) any obligation or activity of the LICENSEE
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respect to any of the foregoing.
9
ARTICLE 18 - REPRESENTATIONS
18.01 LICENSOR represents to LICENSEE that,
a. LICENSOR has the full power and authority to enter
into this Agreement and to carry out the transactions
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b. to the best of LICENSOR'S knowledge, LICENSOR is not
aware that LICENSOR has any existing patents or other
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PATENT RIGHTS.
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ARTICLE 19 - USE OF A PARTY'S NAME
19.01 Neither party will, without the prior written consent of the
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a. use in advertising, publicity or otherwise, any
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ARTICLE 21 - ARBITRATION
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for arbitration and the answer thereto one arbitrator
and the two arbitrators so named will then jointly
appoint a third arbitrator as chairman of the
arbitration tribunal.
b. The decision of the arbitration tribunal shall be
final and binding upon the parties hereto.
10
ARTICLE 22 - TITLES
22.01 All titles and article headings contained in this Agreement are
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ARTICLE 23 - ENTIRE UNDERSTANDING
23.01 This Agreement represents the entire understanding between the
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused these presents to be
executed in duplicate as of the date and year first above written.
SEAL LICENSOR
By: /S/ XXXXX XXXXXXXXX
-------------------
Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, MD
Chancellor, Duke University Medical Center
Date: 9/9/98
/S/ XXXXXX XXXXX
----------------
Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Ph.D., Director,
Office of Science & Technology
Date: 9/1/98
[LICENSEE]
By: /S/ XXXX X. STEEL IV
--------------------
Name: Xxxx X. Steel IV
Title: President
Date: 9/18/98
SEAL
11
EXHIBIT A
ANTIOXIDANT - TREATED MICROENCAPSULATED ISLETS FOR
DIABETES TREATMENT
INVESTIGATOR: Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx, Ph.D.
PURPOSE OF APPLICATION: To use microencapsulated islets pretreated with
antioxidants as an alternative to insulin treatment for diabetes.
RATIONALE: The idea to use these antioxidant-treated microencapsulated islet
transplants in diabetic patients requiring insulin treatment was formed by
considering together several recent findings in my laboratory at the Duke
University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. The findings which have
only been recently published as abstracts or a full paper in press are attached
with this application. The work covers these different areas, namely:
1. Harvesting and Preparation of Isolated Islets:
Generally, pancreatic islets are isolated by collagenase digestion of pancreatic
tissue. This process involves subjecting the islet beta cells to a period of
hypoxia which is then followed by reoxygenation when these cells are
transplanted. Hypoxia-reoxygenation produces an injury that is linked to
excessive production of oxygen free radicals which impair the function and cause
the death of beta cells, particularly those isolated from the pancreas of large
animals, such as pigs and humans. To improve beta cell function following
hypoxia-reoxygenation, we have found that the treatment of isolated islets from
the pig pancreas with a cellular antioxidant, glutathione, enhances
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (abstract published in the FASEB Journal
attached).
2. Microencapsulation and Function of Islets:
Microencapsulation of islets involves three steps, namely: (a) generation of
microcapsules enclosing islets, by droplet-formation, followed by chelation in a
solution of calcium chloride to form a solid gel, (b) additional coatings of the
resulting gelled spheres with two outer coatings consisting of polylysine and
alginate membrane, (c) liquefaction of the original core gel with a solution of
sodium citrate. The three steps are separated by washings in normal saline. To
produce microcapsules containing only one or two islets/capsule, we set the
pressure on the alginate flow at 1 psi and the air flow rate at 7 cc/mm, using a
22 gauge needle fitted to a 2cc syringe and a chelating solution of 1.11%
calcium chloride, pH 7.4. The resulting capsules measure between 500-800 micro-M
in diameter. There had been suggestions that the liquefaction of the inner solid
gel may compromise the structural support of the microcapsules. We therefore
examined the function of islets enclosed in microcapsules that had not been
subjected to liquefaction of the inner core (solid microcapsules), with that of
islets contained in liquefied microcapsules (islets in hollow microcapsules) .
It was found that islets in fresh hollow microcapsules responded better to a
glucose challenge than those contained in fresh solid microcapsules; albeit,
culture of the latter prior to use, enhanced the response of their enclosed
islets to glucose stimulation. These findings are contained in a paper to be
published in the Journal of Surgical Research in June 1998 (preprint enclosed).
3. Storage of Microencapsulated Islets:
Following our findings with solid microcapsules, we have also found that, when
hollow microcapsules of islets are cultured prior to use, the enclosed islets
respond better to a glucose challenge than islets contained in fresh hollow
microcapsules. The abstract of these findings to be presented at Biomedicine'98
is enclosed. We have also examined the possibility of storing microencapsulated
islets by cryopreservation (ultrafreezing) Frozen and thawed islet microcapsules
responded poorly to glucose stimulation. However, after frozen naked islets are
thawed, they retained their ability to respond appropriately to glucose
stimulation. These observations have led us to conclude that islets can be
cryopreserved naked, thawed and microencapsulated just prior to use. The
abstract of these findings submitted for presentation at the World Congress of
Transplantation in Montreal, Canada, is attached.
PROTOCOL PLAN: Considering all the factors mentioned above, we plan to isolate
islets from human and pig pancreases. We will incorporate antioxidants into the
islet isolation medium and pre-culture the isolated islets overnight (18-24
hours) in the presence of antioxidants prior to freezing at a minimum
temperature of -80(degree)C. An antioxidant will also be incorporated into the
cryopreservation medium. After thawing, the islets will be encapsulated and then
incubated with an antioxidant for about 3 hours prior to use as transplants..
OPTIMIZATION OF THE MICROENCAPSULATED ISLET FOR TRANSPLANTATION(1)
Xxxx X Xxxxxxxxx, M.D.(2) Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx, M.D., and Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx, Ph.D.
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY. XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXX.
XXXXX XXXXXXXX 00000
PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC SURGERY. DALLAS,
TEXAS, NOVEMBER 6-8. 1997
BACKGROUND. Microencapsulation of isolated islets is a good method for
providing protection against iminunologic reactions to the cells in both
allogeneic and xenogenic grafts. Current methods of microencapsulation require
chelation of the alginate-calcium core, which solubilizes the structural support
of the capsules and may adversely affect durability. The purpose of the present
study was to determine the IN VITRO response to glucose stimulation., of
microencapsulated islets that have not been subjected to chelation.
MATERIAL, AND METHODS. Using an air-jet-syringe-pump droplet generator,
islets isolated from male Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx rats were encapsulated in alginate,
followed by washes with poly-L-lysine, saline, and a second coat of alginate.
Different groups of the micro-encapsulated islets were then tested for response
to high glucose perifusion, before or after chelation, and the responses were
compared with those of unencapsulated islets.
RESULTS. Chelated microencapsulated islets showed a normal biphasic
insulin response to stimulation with 16.7 mM (300 mg%). Thus, insulin secretion
increased from a mean +/- SEM basal rate of 3005 +/-645 to a stimulated rate
of 5165 +/- 1030 pg/min (P < 0.05, n = 6) in the first phase, comparable to
results obtained with the unencapsulated islets. In contrast, unchelated
micro-encapsulated islets did not respond to stimulation with 16.7 mM glucose.
However, after a 24-h culture of these unchelated microcapsules, a small but
significant response was observed.
CONCLUSIONS. Although culturing unchelated micro-capsules of islets may
enhance their function, chelation of the microcapsular core is essential for
optimal function of the enclosed islets. [c]1998 Academic Press
KEY WORDS: islets; microencapsulation diffusion; diabetes
transplantation.
INTRODUCTION
Islet transplantation is a promising yet experimental method of
providing tight glycemic control for patients with diabetes mellitus [1].
However, a number of obstacles currently prevent islet transplantation from
becoming routine clinical reality. Perhaps chief among these obstacles is the
continued problem of irnmunologic rejection of the grafted islets [1, 2].
A number of strategies have arisen to circumvent this immunologic
obstacle. One such strategy is that of immunoisolation. Microencapsulation,
first described by Lim and Sun [3], involves first forming alginate droplets
around isolated islets and then adding coats of poly-L-lysine and additional
alginate, followed by chelation of the original alginate core. The technique has
shown promising results in. animal studies. Qualities of ideal microcapsules
include roundness, smallness, durability, and uniformity of size, approximating
that of the islet [4). Chelation of the alginate core, however, solubilizes the
structural support of the capsule and may adversely affect its durability.
Moreover, the effect of microcapsule core liquefaction on glucose-stimulated
insulin secretion has been a matter of debate [5]. The IN VITRO response to
glucose stimulation of islets within microcapsules that have not undergone
chelation has not been studied. Therefore, the specific aims of this study were
to determine the in ultra response to glucose of nonchelated islet-containing
microcapsules and to determine if culture of these microcapsules might enhance
their function.
--------
(1) This work was supported in part from the Veterans Affairs Medical Research
Service.
(2) Present address: Department of Surgery, UCSD Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxx Xxxxx, XX
00000.
METHODS
MATERIALS. Male Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx rats weighing 200-300g were obtained
from Xxxxxxx River (Raleigh, NC). The procurement and method of use of the
animals in this study were approved by the Duke University Medical Center Review
Board for the welfare of animals. Gas tanks with standard 95% O2/5% CO2 were
obtained from National Welders Supply Co., Inc. (Charlotte, NC). Collagenase
(Type P) was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Co. (Indianapolis, IN). Highly
purified bovine serum albumin (BSA, fraction V) free of fatty adds and
insulin-like activity and a11 chemicals for buffer and encapsulation solutions
were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Crystalline pork insulin
was obtained courtesy of Dr. Xxxxxx Chance, Xxx Lilly (Indianapolis, IN).
Monoiodinated 125I-insulin was obtained from New England Nuclear (Boston, MA).
ISLET ISOLATION. Islets were isolated by the collagenase digestion
procedure described by Xxxx ET AL. [6]. Rats were anesthetized with
intraperitoneal pentobarbital. Laparotomy was performed, and the pancreatic duct
cannulated. The pancreas was then distended by infusion of 15 ml Hank's balanced
salt solution (HBSS). Pancreatectomy was performed, and the distended pancreas
was digested in collagenase solution (1.5 mg/ml) at 37(0)C for 25 min. The
digested tissue was filtered through a mesh and then washed several times
[TABLE]
FIG. 1. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in control islets (n = 4).
Following a 1-h preperifusion of unencapsulated islets with KRB containing 3.3
mM (basal) glucose, basal effluent perifusate was collected over 20 min. The
glucose concentration in the perifusate was then raised to 16.7 mM and after 30
min of perifusion with sample collection, the glucose concentration was reduced
to basal during another 20 min of perifusion.
in chilled HBSS and placed under a dissecting microscope. At least 400
islets/experiment were purified by being handpicked and placed in chilled HBSS
until imeroencapsulation.
MICROENCAPSULATION. Islets were suspended in 1.4% sodium alginate and
placed in a droplet generator adapted from a procedure previously described by
Wolters ET AL. [4]. Droplets generated from islets suspended in the alginate
solution were collected in a funnel containing 1.1% CaCl2. where they gelled.
The resulting microcapsules were washed with normal saline (NS), incubated with
005% poly-L-lysine, washed again with NS, incubated with alginate. and washed a
final time with NS. These islet-containing microcapsules were then split into
three groups. Group II islets were set aside for immediate perifusion. Group II
islets were also set aside without chelation, for 24-h culture in RPMI 1640 at
37(0)C prior to perifusion. Group I islets were taken a step further than Group
II and III islets, by the liquefaction of the alginate core of the
microcapsules. Group 1 microcapsules were therefore incubated with a chilled 55
mM sodium citrate solution for 7 min, in order to chelate the central
alginate-Ca2+ core.
PERIFUSION. Unencapsulated and microencapsulated islets were perifused
by a method previously described [7]. In each case, 30 islets were handpicked
under a stereomicroscope and placed 10/chamber in plastic flow-through
perifusion xxxxxxxx (Millipore Corp.). Islets were perifused for 1 h at 37(0)C,
at the rate of 1 ml/min, with a modified Xxxxx-Xxxxxx-bicarbonate (KRB) solution
[8], containing 1% BSA and a basal 3.3 mM (60 mg/dl) glucose, maintained at pH
7.4 by continuous gassing with 95% O2/5% CO2, in an unsealed reservoir. All
perifusion experiments were conducted with triplicate xxxxxxxx housing islets
from the same preparation, with each chamber receiving microencapsulated islets
prepared under one of the three conditions described above.
After the 1-h preperifusion, basal effluent samples were periodically
collected on ice for 20 min before islets were then perifused with the KRB
solution containing 16.7 mM (300 mg/dl) for 30 min, during which samples were
again collected at intervals. Following the 16.7 mM glucose stimulation, a
washout perifusion with the 3.3 mM glucose buffer was performed for 20 min with
sample collection. Solutions were changed using a stopcock and all effluent
perifusate samples obtained throughout the study were stored frozen at --20(0)C
until radioimmunoassay for insulin [9].
DATA ANALYSIS. Results are expressed as mean +/- SEM. RIA results
were plotted as rates of insulin secretion (pg insulin./10 islets/min) versus
time. Peak rates of insulin secretion during the first stimulatory phase were
compared with basal rates within the same group, using a Student's T test. For
comparisons among groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computer program was
used and depending on the outcome of ANOVA, the Bonferroni correction was made.
In all cases, significance was defined as P < 0.05.
RESULTS
CONTROL ISLETS
Unencapsulated islets were first perifused with the high 16.7 mM
glucose in order to demonstrate the normal isolated islet response to
stimulation with this concentration of glucose. The results are graphically
presented in Fig. 1 which represents four experiments, with a mean basal rate of
insulin secretion of 2650 +/-40 pg/10 islets/min. When the glucose concentration
in the perifusate was raised to 16.7 mM, insulin response of the islets was
biphasic, with a mean rate of 5120 +/-310 pg/10 islets/min (P < 0.002 versus
basal), which subsequently returned to basal upon switching back to basal
perifusion (Fig. 1).
EXPERIMENTAL ISLETS GROUPS I, II, AND III
Group I inlets (core of microcapsules chelated) responded similarly to
control islets with a biphasic response to the stimulatory concentration of
glucose (Fig. 2). In six experiments, insulin secretion increased from a basal
rate of 3005 +/-647 pg/l0 islets/min to a stimulated rate of 5164 +/-1428 pg/10
islets/min (P < 0.05), during the first phase secretion in response to
stimulation with 16.7 mM glucose. As noted in control unencapsulated islets
(Fig. 1), in Group I islets, the rate of insulin secretion returned to basal
after withdrawal of the stimulatory 16.7 mM glucose (Fig. 2).
In contrast, Group II islets (unchelated core microcapsules, n = 6) had
a lower basal rate of insulin secretion (1740 +/-219pg/10 islets/min, P <0.05
vs. Group I basal). These islets did not respond to 16.7 mM glucose stimulation
(Fig. 3). Group III islets (Fig. 4), which represent cultured unchelated
microcapsules, also had a lower basal rate of insulin secretion (1375 +/-161
pg/10 islets/min) than control islets, as well as those in Groups I and 11 (P <
0.05). However, in. contrast to the freshly
GROUP I: CHELATED MICROCAPSULES
[TABLE]
FIG. 2. Effect of chelation on microcapsular core. Using the protocol
described in Fig. 1, glucose stimulation of islets enclosed in microcapsules
that have undergone chelation was tested.
GROUP II: UNCHELATED
[TABLE]
FIG. 3. Glucose stimulation of islets in unchelated microcapsules. Islets
contained in unchelated microcapsules were tested for response to glucose
stimulation using the procedure described in Fig. 1.
perifused nonchelated islet-containing capsules (Group II), the islets in the
cultured unchelated microcapsules in Group III had a small but significant
increase in their rate of insulin secretion in response to 16.7 mM glucose
stimulation (P < 0.05, n = 6), as shown in Fig. 4, and in. Table 1 which
summarizes the data from the control and the three experimental groups.
DISCUSSION
The Diabetes Control and Complications Thai (DCCT) clearly showed that tight
glycemic control achieved by intensive insulin therapy delays the onset and
slows the progression of diabetic complications that lead to increased morbidity
and mortality in diabetes [10]. However, intensive insulin therapy is stressful
to
GROUP III: UNCHELATED AND CULTURED
[TABLE]
FIG. 4. Effect of 24-h culture on unchelated microcapsule function.
Following microencapsulation without chelation, the unchelated micro-capsules
were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium for 24 h prior to testing the response of the
enclosed islets to glucose stimulation.
TABLE 1
BASAL AND GLUCOSE-STIMULATED RATES OF INSULIN SECRETION: THE MEAN RATES OF
INSULIN SECRETION (PG/10 ISLETS/MIN) DURING BASAL (3.3 MM) AND 16.7 MM
GLUCOSE-STIMULATED PERIFUSIONS IN UNENCAPSULATED (CONTROL) ISLETS AND THE THREE
GROUPS OF MICROENCAPSULATED ISLETS.
================================================================================
Group Basal (3.3 mM) 16.7 mM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control 2650+/-40 5120+/-310*
Control I 3005+/-647 5164+/-1428+
Control II 1740+/-219 1707+/-181
Control III 1375+/-131 1835+/-182++
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*P < 0.002 vs. basal, N = 4.
+P < 0.05 vs. basal, N = 6.
++P < 0.05 vs. basal, N = 6.
patients and carries a significant risk for the occurrence of hypoglycemia in
patients [10]. An exciting alternative remains the biological replacement of
insulin that could be provided by islet transplantation. A variety of factors
make isolated islet transplantation one of the most exciting treatment
modalities for the treatment of diabetic individuals who require insulin therapy
[1]. Fortunately, new methods for the preparation of good quality and improved
yield of isolated islets are evolving [11, 12]. However, organ/tissue shortage
and immunological rejection of transplanted tissue remain major obstacles to
transplanted islets [1, 2]. Traditionally, rejection of transplanted
organs/tissues has been fought by immunosuppression of transplant recipients
using drugs such as cyclosporin and FK 506 and, more recently, the OKT3
monoclonal antibodies [1]. But, immunosuppression has severe side effects in
patients and appears to induce reactions that result in the destruction of
islets [1]. The challenge, therefore, remains the development of an islet
transplant model that would require little or no immunosuppression and the
immunologic isolation of islets by microencapsulation offers a unique approach
[3]. The microencapsulated islet system also has the potential of solving the
problem of organ/tissue shortage, if islet xenografts are approved for clinical
use.
There is, therefore, an urgent need to optimize the process of isolated
islet encapsulation. The present study shows that chelation of the microcapsular
core is essential for optimal function of the enclosed islets. We also observed
that culturing the unchelated microcapsules enhances the response of the
microencapsulated islets to glucose stimulation. It is of interest that a
previous report [5] had suggested that an overnight culture of chelated
microencapsulated islets could enhance islet function and may explain the
discrepancies between the data in. two studies [5, 13]. Also, it had been
previously suggested that chelation of the microcapsular core caused a failure
of microencapsulated islets to respond significantly to glucose stimulation [5].
This observation is in contrast with our present observation that clearly shows
that liquefaction of the core of microcapsules caused an enhancement of glucose
stimulation of the enclosed islets. The reason for the apparent conflict between
our data and data in the previous study [5] is not clear. However; it is
noteworthy that in the study by Fritschy ET AL. [5], the investigators used the
nonphysiologic static test tube incubations to study the response of
microencapsulated islets to glucose stimulation. Consistent with the results of
the present IN VITRO study, it has recently been shown that chelated
microencapsulated islets have long-term function, without any apparent
deleterious effects in xenografts after 2 years of intraperitoneal implantation
[14].
In conclusion, the present study has shown that chelation of the
microcapsular core is essential for optimal function of microencapsulated
islets. Our study also suggests that a primary culture of microencapsulated
islets may enhance their response to glucose stimulation. Therefore, these
factors must be considered when microencapsulated islets are used for
transplantation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx for superb technical assistance and
Xxxxxx XxXxxxx for help in the preparation of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
1. Brunicardi, F.C., and Xxxxxx, Y. Issues in clinical islet transplantation.
PANCREAS 9:281, 1994.
2. Xxxxxxxx, S.T., Xxxxxx, B., Xxxxxxxxxx. X.X., Sheffield, C., and Xxxxxx,
X.X. Prevention of recurrent autoimmune islet transplant destruction of
simultaneous kidney transplantation. TRANSPLANT PROC. 26:737, 1994.
3. Lim, F., and Sun, A.M. Microencapsulated islets as a bioartificial
endocrine pancreas. SCIENCE 210:908, 1980.
4. Wolters, G.H.J., Fritschy. X.X.. Xxxxxxx, D.. and van Schilfgaarde, R. A
versatile alginate droplet generator applicable for microencapsulation of
pancreatic islets. J. APPL. BIOMATER,. 3:281, 1992.
5. Fritschy. X.X., Wolters, G.H.J.. and van Schilfgaarde, R. Effect of
alginate-polylysine-alginate microencapsulation on in vitro insulin release
from rat pancreatic islets. DIABETES 40:37, 1991.
6. Xxxx, X.X., and Kostianovsky, M. Method for the isolation of intact islets
of Langerhanz from the rat pancreas. Diabetes 16:35, 1967.
7. Xxxxxxxxx, M., Xxx, S., Xxxxx, X.X., and Akwari, O.E. Inaulinotropic
potency of lauric acid: A metabolic rationale for medium chain fatty acids
in TPN formulation. J. SURG. RES. 52:328,1992.
8. Xxxxx, X.X., Xxxxxxx, V.S., Xxxxx, X.X., and Akwari. O.E. Characterization
of the insulinotropic potency of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ENDOCRINOLOGY
130:657, 1992.
9. Xxxxxxx. V., Xxx, K.S., Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxxx, S. Coated charcoal
immunoassay of insulin. J. CLIN. ENDOCRINOL. METAB. 25:1375, 1965.
10. DCCT. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and
progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus. N. ENGL. J. MED. 329:977, 1993.
11. Field, J., Xxxxxx, A., and Xxxxxxxxxx, D.E.R. Improved islet isolation from
rat pancreas using 35% bovine serum albumin in combination with dextran
gradient separation. TRANSPLANTATION 61:1554, 1996.
12. Lineteky, E., Xxxxxxx, R., Xxxxxxx, R., Xxxxxxxxx, R., Inverardi, L, and
Ricordi, C. Improved human islet isolation using a new enzyme blend,
liberase. DIABETES 46:1120, 1997.
13. Chicheportiche, D., and Reach, G. In vitro kinetics of insulin release by
microencapsulated rat islets: Effect of the size of the microcapsules.
DIABETOLOGIA 31:54, 1988.
14. Sun, Y., Ma, X., Zhou, D., Xxxxx, I., and Sun, A. Normalization of diabetes
in spontaneously diabetic cynomologous monkeys by xenografts of
microencapsulated porcine Islets without immunosuppression. J. CLIN.
INVEST. 98:1417, 1996.
2520
[PARAGRAPH ILLEGIBLE]
2522
GENDER. SPECIFIC EUGLYCEMIA IS INDEPENDENT OF ISLET MASS, INSULIN SECRETION,
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND BODY FAT IN DIABETIC RATS. X. Xxxxx and X. Xxxxxxxxx.
Xxxxxx Univ. Sch. of Med., Xxxxx, XX 00000, Xxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxx., Xxxxx, XX
00000.
Previously diabetic female Wistar Furth rates normalize plasma glucose
faster than males when transplanted with equivalent numbers of islets of
Langerhanz. While these effects may be endocrine gender specific, general
metabolic influences have not been discreetly delineated. Thus, we examined
influences of gender, relative to body mass, insulin response to glucose (AIRg),
glucose tolerance (KG), and body fat (proximate analysis) upon glycemic
normalization. Wistar Furth rats (9-10 wk) made diabetic with streptozotocin (55
mg/kg) were infused intraportally with 1120+/-59 (females) or 1075+/-57 (males)
islets of Langerhanz and contrasted to controls (Sham). An additional female
group was infused with 682+/-41 islets, yielding transplant groups with
6.2+/-0.3, 4.3+/-0.2 and 3.9+/-0.3 islets/g, respectively (p>0.05, 4.3 vs. 3.9).
Group n Glucose (mM/L) AIRg (pM) KG (%) Fat (g)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F-Sham 11 7.4+/-0.1 149+/-46 0.17+/-0.03 19.3+/-0.9
F-1120 12 11.0+/-1.8 73+/-13 0.11+/-0.02 16.1+/-1.3
F-688 12 11.5+/-1.3 84+/-12 0.03+/-0.01 17.6+/-0.8
M-Sham 8 7.8+/-0.2 328+/-60 0.08+/-0.02 33.6+/-1.5
M-1072 11 17.1+/-2.1 96+/-22 0.06+/-0.02 18.6+/-2.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(MEAN+/-SEM: SUPERSCRIPTS DENOTE P <0.05 BY ANOVA AND XXXXXX'X TEST.)
[SUPERSCRIPTS ILLEGIBLE]
These data illustrate an improved glycemic normalization in female rats
that is unconfounded by islet mass or insulin secretion. Additionally, despite
glucose intolerance and a body fat equivalent to males, female transplant rats
engendered euglycemia. These data illustrate gender specific advantages for
pancreatic islet transplantation which are unconfounded by metabolic factors.
2524
FATTY ACID AND LACTATE OXIDATION IN CONTROL AND DIABETIC RAT HEARTS. Z-P
[illegible] J.R. Forder and X.X. [illegible] Xxxxx Xxxxxxx School of Medicine,
Dept. Radiology, Xxxxxxxxx, XX 00000.
Diabetic hearts are reported to be more dependent on fatty acids (FA)
for energy production, despite observations that FA oxidations is reduced. These
conclusions are based primarily on work using only once concentration of FA with
glucose as the sole additional substrate. We studied the effect of increasing
[illegible] (P) concentration on lactate (L) and P oxidation in hearts from
control and diabetic rats, perifused with glucose (5 mM) + [illegible] L (0.5
mM) + [U-13C]P (0, 0.1, 0.32 or 1 mM) as substrates. The relative contributions
of L and P to the TCA cycle were calculated from high resolutions. 13C-NMR
spectra of tissue extracts (See Figure). At 0.1 mM P L. oxidation decreased by
<10% in controls relative to 0mM; however, there was a 50% decrease in the
diabetic group. At 1.0 mM P there was no difference in L oxidation between the
two groups. The contribution of P to the TCA cycle was linear in both groups.
But the slopes were markedly different. At 0.1 mM P, the contribution of P to
the TCA cycle in diabetics was significantly lower. In summary, L oxidation in
diabetic hearts appears to be more sensitive to inhibition by P compared to
controls, although at 1mM P, L oxidation is SIMILAR in both groups. The
contribution of P to the TCA cycle is linearly related to the exogenous
palmitate concentration in both groups; [PARAGRAPH CUT OFF]
2521
THE EFFICACY OF alpha-PHENYL [illegible] BETYLNITRONE (PBN) IN THE PROTECTION
AGAINST ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETES. X. Xx, X. Xxxx and X.X. Xxxx. The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, Xxxxxxxxxx xx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, XX, Xxxxxx X0X 0X0.
It is suggested that free radicals are involved in the destruction of
pancreatic beta-cells in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM). The diabetogenic drug, alloxan, has been widely used to induce IDDM for
the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of beta-cell damage. PBN is a commonly
used spin trapping agent that may also have a protective effect against
oxidative damage. The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy of PBN
in the prevention of IDDM Weaning CDI mice were administered at U. 150, 200 or
300 mg alloxan/kg BW (i.p.) dissolved in saline. A Second group were given
identical does, but were pre-treated 30 min prior alloxan injection with 75mg/kg
BW (i.p.) PBN. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies using the spin trap
PBN, has provided direct evidence that alloxan produces free radicals and PBN
can directly trap and stabilize these radicals. The results suggest that the
trapping nature of PBN may reduce free radical reactivity and tissue damage. PBN
may also directly inhibit iNOS through the modulation of oxidative stress
responsive elements such as NF-[_]B. (Supported by the Central Ohio Diabetes
Association).
2523
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN THE OBESE XXXXXX RAT. X.X. Xxxxx, X.
Xx, and X.X. XxXxxx The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine,
Xxxxxxx, XX 00000
The genetically obese Xxxxxx rat exhibits a number of physiological
traits mimicking those observed in human non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus. Xxxxxx rats exhibit poor glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and
hyperinsultoemia. Chronic oral treatment with an A, ademoxine receptor
antagonist BW1433 (3, 6, 12 mg/kg every 12 hours) lowered the area under glucose
tolerance curves (GTC) of obese animals by 20+/-4%, 33.3+/-3% and +/-4% (n=9),
respectively. Areas under GTC's were 33% lower in lean compared to obese animals
and BW1433 lowered areas under lean GTC's these 25% done independently. The
improvement was observed within two hours of drug administration and was
sustained during six weeks of treatment. Treated obese animals exhibited a
decrease in serum insulin levels, but no decrease in body weight or body
composition.
Tyrosine Kinase (TK) activity of partially purified insulin receptors
as measured by phosphorylation of synthetic peptides was greatly reduced in
muscle of untreated obese compared to lean Xxxxxx rats. To determine if this was
due to nerine /threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor which might be
ameliorated by A, antagoniu, purified receptors from lean and obese muscles were
treated with the protein phosphpatase (PP2A). No improvement in TK activity
observed. The low TK activity of obese animals was increased above that of lean
rats by lowering insulin levels in the intact animals prior to receptor
isolation. For example, two weeks after obese animals were [illegible]
streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) diabetic, TK activity of isolated insulin
receptors from STZ treated obese animals was 3.3+/-0.14 [illegible] compared to
1.2+/-0.05 [illegible] for untreated obese and 1.2+/-0.17 [illegible] for
untreated lean. Future studies include examining the effect of chronic BW1433
treatment on insulin kinase activity.
2525
LABELING HETEROGENEITY OF GLUCOSE (G) IN HEPATOCYTES (HEP) INCUBATED WITH
GLYCEROL (GL), LACTATE (L), AND PYRUVATE (P). X.X. Xxxxxx, P.T. [illegible], X.
Xxxxxxxx, F. Xxxxx, and H. [illegible]. Dept. of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve
Univ. Cleveland, OH.
We previously reported (JBC 270:19806-15, 1995) that G made in starved
rat livers perifused with L+P+[illegible] or [illegible] gl had a mass
[illegible] distribution [illegible] incompatible with G being made from a pool
of uniformly labeled triose-P (TP). Similar data were obtained in starved rats
infused with [U 13C3]GL. This made [13C]GL unsuitable for tracing f, the
contribution of gluconeogenesis (GNG) to G production. We also found that the
conc. and enrichment (E) of GL decrease approx. 90% across the liver.
Heterogeneous MID of G could result from [illegible] of GL conc. and/or GL
kinase, and/or GNG from L+P. In isolated periportal and percentral HEP, we found
similar GL Kinase activity. To avoid zonation of [substrate], total HEP were
incubated in medium, to which GL and L+P were infused in ratios GL/(L+P) from
[illegible] to 0.22 GL was [2 13C] or [U 13C3], L+P was [illegible] or [U 13C3].
[Substrate plateaued at 1mM (L), 0.08-0.2 mM (P), 0.05-0.3 mM (GL). When
[illegible] GL were all 13C labeled, f was 97%. Lowering infusion ratio lowered
f with [12C]GL 95% to 78%, and increased f with [13C](L+P) 76% to 93%. Variation
of f show that the E of TP is not equal in all HEP. Thus, in [illegible], low f
with [13C]GL result probably from zonations of GNG from L+P (others showed that
PEP-CK activity is zonated) and of [GL]. Supported by NIH.
Mail to:
Transplant98 Secretariat
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ABSTRACT FORM
You must submit one original Abstract Form plus six
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DEADLINE FOR RECEIPT OF ABSTRACTS IS JANUARY 19, 1998. ABSTRACTS CANNOT BE PRESENTATION PREFERENCE
CONSIDERED AFTER THIS DATE. The light blue boxes and type on this form will not check one
reproduce in the Abstract Volume. Please type the body of your abstract and [X] Oral [ ] Poster [ ] either
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________________________________________________________________________________ 2.1 12.1
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CRYOPRESERVATION AND FUNCTION OF MICROENCAPSULATED ISLETS. Xxxx Xxxxxxx. Xxxxxx REVIEW PANEL SELECTION
X. Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx* Xxxx University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Please enter the letter for the panel you have
chosen (please turn over):
Microencapsulation and storage of islets could potentially overcome the barriers D
to over): transplantation imposed by shortage of islets and rejection of
transplants. However, the function of cryopreserved microencapsulated islets is
currently unclear. The purpose -of D the present study was to examine capsule KEYWORDS SELECTION
stability and islet function following the storage of microencapsulated islets
by cryopreservation. METHOD: Islets were isolated from Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx rats by 1. Transplantation
collagenase digestion of pancreatic tissue, and microencapsulated in 2. Islets
polylysine-alginate using a syringe-air-droplet generator. Aliquots 1of fresh 3. Microencapsulation
unencapsulated (group 1) and encapsulated (group 2) islets were taken for 4. Cryopreservation
determination of glucose stimulation of insulin secretion (GSIS). The remaining
portions of unencapsulated (group 3) and encapsulated (group 4) were then frozen
for 1-3 days at -80(degree)C using standard techniques. After thawing, GSIS was I certify that:
also tested in these two groups of islets, using a perifusion model. RESULTS:
GSIS in groups 1,2 and 3 were comparable, averaging a 2-fold stimulation [X] The subject matter in this abstract
(p<0.05) within 10 minutes of raising the glucose concentration from 3.3 mM (60 complies with the Policy Statement of the
mg/dL) to 16.7 mM (300 mg/dL). In group 4, a mean +/- SEM of 14.5 +/- 0.3% of Ethics Committee of The Transplantation
the capsules were broken after thawing and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Society.
was not observed, CONCLUSION: Isolated islets should be cryopreserved
unencapsulated and then microencapsulated just prior to use in transplantation. [X] In the event animals have been used in
experiments described, these experiments
Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx, Box 0000 Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, XX 00000, comply with National Ethics Standards.
XXX.Xxx: 000 000 0000; Fax: 000 000 0000; E-mail: xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xxx
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ABSTRACT FORM
Biomedicine '98
Receipt Deadline:
January 9, 1998
VIABILITY OF CULTURED MICROENCAPSULATED ISLETS FOR TRANSPLANTATION. K Xxxxxxx. KEYWORDS SELECTION
XX Xxxxxxx, XX Xxxxx, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC.
1. Diabetes
Some of the advantages of islet transplantation over that of whole 2. Islets
pancreas include, the possibility of storage and immunomodulation of the islets 3. Microencapsulation
prior to use. Also, the technique of "immunoisolation" of islets by 4. Culture
encapsulation, promises to solve the problems of immunologic rejection of 5. Transplantation
transplants and shortage of islets. However, the effect of culture on
microencapsulated islet function is not clear. AIM: To compare the response to Membership
glucose stimulation of freshly prepared encapsulated islets with that of Please indicate your member/nonmember
cultured microcapsules, using a validated in vitro perifusion system. METHOD: category. Check all that apply:
Isolated rat islets were purified by handpicking under a stereomicroscope, and
then microencapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate using a [X] AFMR
syringe-air-droplet generator, prior to chelation of the inner alginate core.
The encapsulated islets were either tested immediately (control) or cultured for [X} ASCI
24 hours prior to perifusion with different concentrations of glucose. RESULT:
In control, the mean+/-SEM rate of insulin secretion increased from 815+/-5 to [X} AAP
1668+/-75 pg/6 islet/min (p<0.001, n=5) within 10 minutes of raising the glucose
concentration from 60 mg/dL (basal) to 16.7 mM (300 mg/dL). This degree of [ ] Nonmember
stimulation in control (205+/-9% of basal) was less than that (262+/-20% of
basal, p<0.05) observed with cultured islet microcapsules in which the rate
increased from a basal of 928+/-46 to 2433+/-200 pg/6 islets/min, p<0.001, n=7). ABSTRACT CATEGORY
CONCLUSION: Primary culture of encapsulated islets enhances their function and Please indicate abstract submission
this factor needs to be taken into consideration when these bioartificial category with the appropriate letter
tissues are used for transplantation. code from below.
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|_| Please consider me for a Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx Award. These awards supported by a
grant from Merck US Human Health, will be presented for the most outstanding
abstracts submitted by a trainee to Biomedicine '98 (see back page for
eligibility requirements).
|_| Please consider me for a Junior Faculty Award. These awards, supported by a
grant from IVAX Corporation, will be presented for the most outstanding
abstracts submitted by a junior faculty member to Biomedicine '98 (see back page
for eligibility requirements).
|_| Please consider me for a Trainee Travel Grant. These grants help subsidize
travel to Biomedicine '98. Candidates must be a trainee, first author and have a
mentor who is a member of AFMR, ASCI or AAP. To be eligible for a grant, the
mentor must sign this form in the same space provided below.
Mentor's Name: ________________ Signature: _________________ Member of _______
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EXHIBIT B - STATEMENT OF WORK
1. SCOPE OF RESEARCH PROGRAM. Preclinical trials will be done with the
microencapsulated islets in diabetic baboons. Baboons will be made diabetic by
antecubital vein injection of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) to destroy their
pancreatic beta cells. After the baboons have been diagnosed as diabetic
(nonfasting plasma glucose levels >400 mg/dl), they will be assigned to either a
control group that receives no islet but insulin injections to sustain life or a
test group that will receive between 5,000 - 10,000 microencapsulated islets/kg.
The islets will be isolated from porcine pancreata, purified by gradient
separation on the COBE cell separator and cultured in an incubator in the
presence of antioxidants for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celcius prior to storage by
freezing in the presence of antioxidants until sufficient numbers are available
for transplantation. After thawing. the islets will be microencapsulated singly
or two islets/capsule with poly-lysine and alginate (Kelco, La Jolla) membranes.
The microencapsulated islets will then be incubated with antioxidants for at
least 3 hours before transplantation in the peritoneal cavity. The experiments
will be started with diabetic baboons which will receive the antioxidant-treated
islet microcapsules. Blood samples will be obtained from diabetic baboons prior
to transplantation, for measurement of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide
levels. Following transplantation, blood will also be obtained from the islet
microcapsule transplant recipients twice per week for determination of plasma
glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels. The transplant recipients will be
accepted to have achieved normoglycemia when non-fasting plasma glucose levels
drop to <200mg/dl in the absence of insulin treatment Failure of islet
transplants will be deemed to have occurred if non-fasting plasma glucose levels
exceed 200 mg/dl on two consecutive plasma glucose measurements after a period
of normoglycemia.
2. BUDGET FOR RESEARCH PROGRAM.
-------------------------------
EQUIPMENT $49,500
--------
Itemized costs
1. COBE Cell Separator $20,000
2. Large Capacity Microencapsulator $10,000
3. Isolation Chamber and accessories $2,500
4. Automatic Freezer $2,000
5. Sterile Hood for Cell Culture $6,000
6. Stereomicroscopes (2) $5,000
7. Incubator $4,000
SUPPLIES $44,000
--------
Itemized costs
1. Ficoll (10 kg) $15,000
2. Organ Preservation (UW solution) $2,500
3. Cell Isolation and Culture Media $1,500
4 Collagenase and DNase $5,000
5. Purified Alginate (100 g) $10,000
6. Poly-L-Lysine (10 g) $5,000
7. Accessories for encapsulation $3,000
(tubings, syringes, needles, test--tubes
centrifuge tubes, etc)
8. Streptozotocin $2,000
ANIMALS $60,000
-------
Itemized costs
1. 20 Diabetic Baboons (Transplant recipients) $54,000
(cost and shipping)
2. 60 Pigs (Pancreatic donors) $6,000
(cost and shipping)
ANIMAL CARE $15,000
-----------
Itemized costs
1. Daily Care for 20 Baboons for 6 months $2,500
2. Quarantine for 20 Baboons $12,000
3. Per diem for 60 Pigs prior to sacrifice $500
SURGERY COSTS $69,000
-------------
(Breakdown of Surgery Costs per animal)
1. Operating room charges $1,500
2. Medications $500
3. Sterile syringes and needles $250
4. Tru cut needle for biopsy $200
5. Sutures $150
6. IV fluids $100
7. Pump, head, tubing, adapters $250
8. Sterile Supplies $500
Total. Surgery cost/animal $3,450
PERSONNEL $95,000
---------
Itemized costs
1. Principal Investigator (50% effort) $50,000
2. Co-Investigator (Transplant Surgeon) $5,000
(@ $250/procedure)
3. Full-time technician $40,000
DIRECT COSTS $332,500
------------
INDIRECT COSTS [BASED ON MODIFIED DIRECT
COSTS EXCLUDING EQUIPMENT @ 54%) $152,820
TOTAL COST OF RESEARCH PROJECT $485,320
------------------------------
3. SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS FOR RESEARCH PROGRAM.
---------------------------------------------
Initial payment with notification that LICENCEE wishes to proceed with the
RESEARCH PROGRAM as specified under Article 3.05.a. of this Agreement:
Seventy thousand dollars ($70,000)
Balance to be paid monthly in eleven payments of thirty--seven thousand seven
hundred fifty six dollars and thirty six cents ($37,786.36)
All payments for sponsored research to be sent to
Office of Sponsored Programs
000 Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx 1
Duke University
Xxxxxx, XX 00000--0000
