Xxxx et al. No. 2:16- cv-01024-RSM (W.D. Wash.).
Xxxx et al. (2004) reported that the percentage of the western United States in drought conditions has gradually increased over the last century and that the current drought rivals the drought conditions in the 1930s; however, these more recent droughts (i.e., in the last century) pale in comparison to conditions found 700–1,100 years before present in terms of duration and severity. These historic drought conditions likely negatively impacted Columbia spotted frog populations throughout their range. Due to dispersal abilities, metapopulation dynamics, and unimpaired connected habitat in which they evolved, Columbia spotted frogs were able to persist and repopulate areas when conditions became favorable, despite these severe recurring drought conditions (Lake 2003; Xxxxxx et al. 2006). In 1962, Xxxxxx (1962) documented a reoccurring drought; the previous 4–6 years had caused many of the streams to dry and found locating Columbia spotted frogs difficult. In a rangewide study of long-term trends of Columbia spotted frogs, drought had a strong negative effect on population growth, most notably at sites smaller than 0.15 ha (Hossack et al. 2013). Summer drought conditions are predicted to intensify through the end of the century, which may negatively impact Columbia spotted frogs, particularly occupied sites that are small (Hossack et al. 2013, NCADAC 2013). Since most populations are now fragmented and isolated, recolonization after extirpation, or input of genetic material from other populations, may not occur naturally. With more frequent and severe droughts likely accompanying climate change, we conclude that drought is a threat to Columbia spotted frogs throughout Nevada. Fire: Direct mortality of amphibians due to fire is thought to be rare and of minor importance to most populations (Xxxxxxx et al. 1999, Xxxxx 2000, Xxxxxxx et al. 2003, Hossack and Corn 2007); however, few studies have documented fire effects to aquatic amphibians in the western United States (Bury 2004, Hossack and Xxxxxxx 2011, Xxxxxxx et al. 2013). Most negative effects to aquatic species after wildfire are due to the immediate loss or alteration of habitat and indirect effects such as post-fire hydrologic events (Gresswell 1999, Xxxxx et al. 2003, Xxxxxx et al. 2003, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx 0000, Xxxxxx et al. 2007, Hossack and Xxxxxxx 2011). In addition, fire suppression activities, including construction of fire lines, back burning, application of water from pumps or aerial drops, and use of fire r...
Xxxx et al. United States District Court Civil Action No. 11-30223-MAP (D. Mass.), including any claims related to any of the inmate moves and/or strip searches at issue in the above action.
Xxxx et al. No. C-15-CV-21-000618 (Md. Cir. Ct.) (filed December 28, 2021) (the “Xxxxx Action”); Xxxxxx x.
Xxxx et al. No. 8:22-cv-01415-TDC (D. Md.) (filed June 10, 2022) (the “Xxxxxx Action”); Xxxxxxxxx, et al. x.
Xxxx et al pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 01756); (iii) Xxxxxxxx Xxxx v. Xxxxxxx Xxxx, et al., pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 02055); and (iv) Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx v. Xxxxxxx Xxxx, et al., pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 02144).
Xxxx et al. CGC 11-516073
Xxxx et al. 2017). There is a need for bringing in analysis of real-world data to understand the effects of such policies in practice. The Sustainable Subsurface Value Chain requires collaborative and cross-disciplinary research and technology development, and gives opportunities for new solutions by involving students, researchers, technology developers and end users. NCS2030 will expand knowledge and results from other established centers and projects (Table 2) that have built competence in subsurface, digitalization, decision-making, CO2 value chain and sustainable offshore energy production.
Xxxx et al. 2002; Slik & Xxxxxxxx, 2003; Ar- bainsyah et al., 2014). Both the tree species diversity and the forest structure, in terms of species per diameter class are considered to be important factors to take into account when measuring the impact of SFM (Xxx Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1996, 2001; Xxxxxxx & Xxx Xxxx-Bos, 2003; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2005). Logging activities affect ecosys- tem processes in many different ways, but could be especially harmful to endem- ic populations of plants and animals (Xxxxxxx & Van Eijk-Bos, 2003; Xxxx et al., 2003; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2005; Xxxxxxxxxx et al. 2014). In the process of succession after logging, pioneer trees reach successively larger diameter classes faster than most non-pioneer species (Slik et al., 2002; Xxxxxxx & Xxx Xxxx-Bos 2003). In ad- dition, some light demanding, non-pioneer tree species may have higher growth rates after logging (Slik et al., 2002; Xxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2003). Differential species response to disturbance after logging can result in differences in tree composi- tion within tree diameter classes (Xxxxx, 1999; Xxxxx et al., 2003; Xxxxxxx & Van Eijk-Bos, 2003). A classification derived from the pioneer versus climax species concept was published by Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx (1988) and is often used to analyze the impact of pioneer species on forest recovery (x.x. Xxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2003). One study of primary forest succession used an analysis in which the data set was divided into different stem diameter classes to unravel changes in the tree community compared to primary forest succession in Uganda (Xxxxx, 1999). Re- cently, species-specific Plant Functional Types (PFT) have been used by several authors (Xxxxx & Xxxx 1990; Xxx Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1996, 2001; Xxxxxxx & Xxx Xxxx-Bos, 2003). With the PFT, a trade-off is assumed between growth rate of the PFT classes light, medium and heavy hardwood. Species that produce light hardwood can grow quickly and are able to emerge rapidly after gap for- mation. At the other extreme, species that produce heavy hardwood have lower growth rates (Xxxxxxx & Van Eijk-Bos, 2003). Here we present a detailed analysis of the tree communities, and the abundance of different PFTs in primary forest and forest selectively logged 1, 5 and 10 years ago in East Kalimantan. Patterns in species diversity and composition are relat- ed to diameter classes and Plant Functional Types and analysed for selectively logged forest sites and to compare these with primary forest. Materials and methods Study ar...
Xxxx et al. (2011) suggests that since distance engenders considerable free cash flow, remote firms may pre-commit to higher dividends to decrease agency costs of such free cash flow, in line with Stulz (1990). While our focus is mainly on the agency explanation of cash, we also account for the predictions of the two other theories, namely the trade-off and the pecking order theories. The trade-off theory emphasizes the transaction cost and precautionary motives for holding cash and suggests that firms, in the absence of agency conflicts, determine their optimal cash policies by balancing the marginal costs and benefits of these liquid assets. For example, Xxxxxxx et al. (2014) show that firms mitigate their refinancing risk by increasing their cash holdings. On the other hand, the pecking-order theory emphasizes the informational asymmetries between managers and investors and explains the role of cash as a buffer between retained earnings and investment needs. These two theories suggest the impact of the following firm specific variables, among others, on cash reserves which we include in our analysis: capital expenditures, cash flow, dividend, market-to-book ratio, leverage, net working capital, size, and cash flow volatility. Our results are strong even after accounting for these effects. Our research contributes to prior literature in several ways. Xxxxxxx et al. (2010) develop an analytical model in support of the view that geographically clustered firms tend to have more investment opportunities, and require increased cash holdings to undertake more acquisitions. Xxxxxxx et al. (2009) show that firms’ geographic dispersion substantially affects labor and divestiture policies. Xxxxx et al. (2008) provide evidence that bidders obtain higher returns when they target geographically proximate firms. Xxxxxxxx (2008) contends that rural firms are less inclined to issue equity than their metropolitan peers due to the presence of distance-related information frictions. These arguments imply that remotely located firms hold more cash because of the running and the start-up costs of attracting capital and the potential capital rationing in case of financial crisis. We consider that these “connection” effects may be complementary or substitutes (or not related) to our argument that distant firms hold more cash because of a decrease in shareholder scrutiny. If the connection and monitoring effects are complementary, then the longer the distance the worse are these problems, ...
