Theoretical Framework Sample Clauses

Theoretical Framework. When discussing agenda-setting and decision-making processes, the seminal work of Xxxxxxx (1984) regarding the Multiple-Streams Framework (MSF) is vital in understanding how policy changes can occur. Xxxxxxx’x MSF analyses agenda-setting in the US political system, making it an adequate analytical tool for the subject of this paper. Whilst this framework was initially developed for the US health and transport sector, its application has been widened to other sectors in the US (Rawat & Xxxxxx, 2016). MSF is now considered to be an adequate analytical tool that explains agenda-setting, decision-making and policy changes in public policy (Xxxxxxx, XxXxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, 2015). It is not only applicable in the US but has crossed borders to other political systems (Cairney & Xxxxx, 2016). 37 years after its development, the MSF has shown that it is still significant. This might be due to its universal adaptability to other policy areas or its general features. In this section, the theoretical backdrop of this study will be discussed in 2.1. In paragraph 2.2, it will discuss the MSF its utility and justify its use in this study. The subsections of paragraph 2.2 will specify the concepts of the MSF. The last paragraph will generate the theoretical expectations that stem from the theoretical framework.

Theoretical Framework. In analysing the Shi‘is in Indonesia as a minority Muslim group amidst the overwhelming Sunni majority, this study employs the theory of stigma64 proposed by sociologist Xxxxxxx.65 I follow Xxxxxxx’x steps in his study of the Twelver Shi‘i response to Sunni legal theory. Xxxxxxx maintains the applicability of this theory to Shi‘is, “who have lived as a stigmatised minority dominated by a potentially hostile majority in most areas of the Muslim world and during most periods of Muslim history.”66 According to Xxxxxxx’x theory, stigmatised groups tend to adopt strategies that fit into a social system dominated by the majority. While Sunnism has become a norm in the Muslim world, Shi‘ism is considered ‘abnormal’ and Shi‘is have to implement strategies in order to gain recognition from the Sunni majority.

Theoretical Framework. This research is situated at the intersection of two paradigms: on the one hand the indigenous paradigm, and on the other hand, the feminist paradigm. The increased attention for indigenous peoples at an international level, and the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples have led to the first tentative explorations towards an indigenous paradigm in academia. However, a complete theoretical framework on how to include an indigenous point of view in research is only starting to be developed. Xxxxx Tuhiwai Xxxxx’x Decolonizing Methodologies (1999) is one of the first reference works on this topic. Other scholars that have been working towards an indigenous paradigm are, for example, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx X. Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, and Xxxxx Wilson11. More theoretical research is necessary to have a more developed theoretical framework. Therefore, this study turns to a second paradigm which is feminism. Feminist theory has many parallels with the indigenous paradigm. Among others, it also questions the representation and participation of a subordinated group – in this case women – dominated by a group seen as the ‘norm’ within society – men. Feminist theory has been one of the first to criticize this societal ‘norm’. It has been ground breaking in this regard and has led the way for other critical approaches to academia. Feminist theory originated from the ideology of the feminist movement, which is based on the observation that in society women have been worldwide subordinated to men. Feminist theory transposed this reality to academia, stating that in research women have also been subordinated to men. Feminist theory wants to analyze gender inequalities in different fields, and therefore points to the need to include a gender perspective in all research areas. Although women have been the main focus group of feminism, it has to be noted that feminist theory is not about women alone. Feminist theory aims at studying gender relations, including both women and men, as they are both part of the social structure of society. It is believed that gender equality can only be reached if women and men are both involved as equal partners.

Theoretical Framework. In this section, a number of key concepts important for this study will be elaborated. This will provide a frame of reference for all the chapters of this study. For that purpose, the Rechtsstaat concept is related to what the government does in terms of spatial management and protection of the public interest. Lastly, considering that this umbrella concept of Rechtsstaat also relates to the state and government reform initiated after 1999, I will also provide a brief elucidation on the concept of decentralization. (a) The Indonesian Rechtsstaat as ideal norm and empirical fact

Theoretical Framework. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory is used to understand the process of adopting a new behavior or innovation by an individual, community or organization. The theory considers various factors that influence adoption. Xx. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx popularized the theory in the 1940’s and it has been used to understand the acceptance of innovation, particularly within the technology sector. The theory is based on the concept that an idea or new technology spreads at different rates within a community until the idea, behavior or product is accepted or saturated (Rogers, 2003). Rogers (2003) explains that at first, early adopters are accepting of the idea, while the majority of the population is either unaware of the recent idea, behavior or product or too ambivalent to participate in its uptake. Information about the innovation spreads via the early adopteres, until a “xxxxxxxx xxxx” of adopters has been convinced to participate in or adopt the new behavior, technology or practice (Rogers, 2003). Rogers (2003) defined “diffusion” as the process of an innovation spreading through the channels of a community or social system over time. Rogers explained that there are five categories of adopters including: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards, as displayed in Figure 2 (2003). Innovators are the earliest to adopt and laggards are the last to adopt (Rogers, 2003).

Theoretical Framework. In the field of public health, the use of theory is central to developing effective behavioral interventions (Green, 2000). Theory provides a roadmap of what factors to consider when designing, implementing and evaluating a health promotion program. It is vital to have a theoretical understanding of why people behave the way they do if public health programs are aiming to improve health status. Furthermore, theories provide clues as to why people and communities make health-related choices and offer a systematic way of understanding these situations, relationships and potential outcomes. Ultimately, theory makes complex interrelationships among multiple variables in different contexts easier to understand (Xxxx, 1999). Over the last several decades, it has become abundantly clear that prevention of HIV/AIDS is not simply about using condoms, medication adherence or testing. HIV risk involves a complex web of behaviors influenced by multiple factors. An individual’s knowledge, attitude, emotions, power dynamics between partners, accessibility of services, socioeconomic inequalities and stigma are a tangled fabric where one dimensional determinants of health are near impossible to tease out. Sexual behavior and risk taking often operate in the context of these factors (King, 1999). Historically, theoretical frameworks for HIV prevention have had a heavy focus on individual- level perspectives and have played prominent roles in guiding behavioral change interventions (CDC, 2011). These frameworks are often based on the assumption that motivation and self- efficacy are enough for successful behavioral change and that individuals change behavior based on past success or failure in that activity (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2007; XxXxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2000). These frameworks were created to predict health behaviors at particular points in time to pinpoint specific variables that affect specific behaviors (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2007). Research connecting behaviors with specific variables helps public health officials consider how certain actors must be addressed to bring about the desired behavior change in the most effective way. This study used the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM), an extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to identify the barriers and facilitators of behavior change (Xxxxx, Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2008). Originally developed by Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx Xxxxx, TPB started as the TRA to predict an individuals’ intentio...

Theoretical Framework. This chapter reviews previous literature and explores different aspects related to voluntary environmental agreements (VEAs). Firstly, the different types of VEAs are presented. Secondly, conditions for successful implementation and the added value of VEAs are examined. Then, different aspects in regard with VEAs’ per- formance are explored. Due to the immense importance of the participants in VEAs, attention is paid on the corporate’s perspective on VEAs in order to un- derstand companies’ motivation for participating. Finally, a general view on stakeholder participation in environmental management and best practices for participation are reviewed.

Theoretical Framework. Since the mid-1990s, climate change and its effects on different sectors of the economy, in particular the tourism industry, has been one of the main topics in the economic literature. The impact of climate change on tourism is addressed either by its direct effects, such as increasing temperature, or the result caused by its secondary effects, such as rising sea levels (Xxxxxxxx- Xxxxx, 2014). In order to study the impacts of climate change on tourism demand, there are different methods used in the literature. A large number of papers studies this impact by using quantitative methods, while a relatively limited part of the literature addresses the issue by using surveys and qualitative approaches (Xxxxxxx et al., 2017). Applying econometric methods, the former mostly uses climate indices and tourism demand models to investigate the impact of climate change on tourism. On the other hand, the latter relies on surveys and also experts’ opinions and predictions on the interaction of climate effects and the tourism industry to evaluate the relationship between climate change and tourism.

Theoretical Framework. Applying conceptual and theoretical frameworks to qualitative research helps refine inductive research. The People with Disabilities in Partner Relationships Power and Control Wheel guided the analysis of this study. Because this study seeks to explore relationships of college students with disabilities, this model helped ensure major domains of disability-specific IPV among adults were examined. SafePlace, in Austin TX, adapted the original Power and Control Wheel to persons with disabilities (“Power and Control Wheel”). This adaption exhibits how people with disabilities in partner relationships experience abuse as it pertains to power and control (“Power and Control Wheel”). Constructs of this framework include privilege, or ableism; coercion and threats; withhold support or treatment; emotional abuse; isolation; minimize, deny, and blame; sexual abuse; and economic abuse (“Power and Control Wheel”). Although this theory guided the analysis of this study, the study did not seek to validate or evaluate the concepts within the People with Disabilities in Partner Relationships Power and Control Wheel. Rather, constructs were utilized to draw comparisons and examine similarities within this sample. Researchers acknowledge that constructs within the People with Disabilities in Partner Relationships Power and Control Wheel are not exhaustive, but most likely rather contain the most frequently reported to SafePlace (X. Xxxxxxxx, personal communication, March 14, 2022).