Theme 2 investment risks and investment barriers This theme focuses on: • understanding the main risks and investment barriers for each cluster; and • understanding which barriers relate to which sectors and which barriers are common across all sectors and need to be overcome for the whole system to be developed. Discussion topics used as guidance for interview: • What do you think are the risks and main investment barriers to CCU/CCS cluster development? (commercial/market risks, technical/operational risks, political/policy/social risks, outcome risks) • Sectoral versus system risks and barriers: key commonalities and differences for each industrial sector. (for example: market uncertainty, international competition, technical complexity, age)
Theme 2 investment risks and investment barriers Generally, industrials are willing to take on responsibility for the physical capture of emissions in their facilities but do not want to be responsible for CO2 transport and storage or for the provision of alternative clean fuels such as hydrogen. • Germany: o It is important to recognise that each industry has different strategies which impact on their long-term CO2 emissions and as a consequence each will have different risk profiles for viability of investment in large scale synthetic fuel plants. o There is significant uncertainty on the future of the final product resulting from the use of CO2,
Theme 2. Investment Risks/Barriers • Moral Hazard: see below • Cluster competition: see below • Lack of investment framework for industrials • High level of costs: o Costs of capture have not reduced drastically over time o Capture costs are linear and not decreasing with volume; o Capture costs (actual capture + utilities (i.e. new power station)) represent 90% of CCUS total cost for industrials. Transport and Storage costs are minor in comparison. • No value added on green products - Issue with competitiveness of global commodity market o Lack of market pull for low carbon products o No price premium on industrial products for chemical and fertiliser producers o Facilitation for industrial decarbonisation has to come from the local country/market o Issues with competition in EU ETS market: it is cheaper to import products if and when the CO2 price gets higher and the consequence is deindustrialisation as companies stop manufacturing in UK and products are imported. • Low confidence in government and incentives o Lack of government decision-making: delaying decisions. o Past experience with incentives and degradation of incentives over time. o For example, two different incentives for CHP plant – heat and power. o Incentives are being discounted by investors in FID. o Incentives need to be long term (>15yrs). o But investors fear they will be penalised by the support mechanisms from the government if their plant becomes sub-economic due to market changes and they have to stop production. The government will force to keep on producing or repay.
Theme 2. General perceptions of sanitation interventions Focus group discussions from the intervention and control villages provided insight into the general perceptions communities have about sanitation interventions, which included sanitation as a household issue, limited community capacity to intervene in sanitation issues, and high expectations from outsiders.
Theme 2. 9.16 The objectors claim that the new buildings have been plagued with problems in other parts of the Regeneration Project. Response:
Theme 2. Girls as vulnerable “There is nobody more vulnerable than a girl. And in far too much of the world, girls still suffer unspeakable things,” says the narrator (actor Xxxx Xxxxxx) in the film Girl Rising. Girls are considered vulnerable because they experience multiple vulnerabilities, ranging from violence to oppression to disease. It is important to note that in development contexts the adolescent girls’ vulnerabilities are recognized as distinct from those of women or children. The international development community prefers to frame and highlight girls’ vulnerabilities in distinct terms. In this section, I will first talk about what makes the adolescent girl more vulnerable in the eyes of the development community. Then, in the next chapter I will discuss why the adolescent girl’s needs are deemed distinct from those of women. Adolescence is conceived as the transitional period when much is decided for the future of the girl. Per Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx (Plan International), “the women’s movement dealt with either women or children but failed to recognize the period in between.” Registre states, “We can’t wait for girls to become women to deal with issues such as inequality or empowerment,” and we should realize that “there is a gap around not recognizing what adolescent girls’ specific needs are and how we need to address those gaps” (Registre interview, November 2015). The gap that Registre speaks about emerged as a recurring theme in both my interviews and INGO documents. Many of the key players of the movement against child marriage argue that adolescent girls need to be recognized as distinct; otherwise they remain invisible, since they are neither women nor children (Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues, U.S. Department of State from the talk in Girl Summit 2015 Meeting, November 2015, Washington D.C.). But what is distinctive about the adolescent girls’ vulnerabilities? They experience “a double layer of discrimination: they’re girls and they’re young” (Riseboro, Women Deliver Conference, 2016). In that sense, they experience the vulnerabilities of women and children at the same time. Gender inequality and gendered social norms are cited as important causes of their vulnerability. For some, one of the main sources of their insecure position is being forced to marry at a young age, which causes adolescent girls to become “vulnerable to HIV, sexual violence, and physical exploitation” (Girls Count, A Global Investment Agenda, 200...
Theme 2. Perceived affects The following is some advice on ways to tackle this issue. This advice is not intended to be used in its entirety. Rather it is intended as a set of prompts to suggest different ways in which a situation may be managed. Thus they may be viewed individually or used in sets depending upon the situation. If costs appear higher than those of the current technology you may need to enhance consumers’ understanding of the real costs of the technology they’re using. Publicise any environmental improvements and economic benefits Consider how your technology improves the consumers’ immediate environment for instance with respect to fumes, noise, cost, etc. Consumers may need to change their habits and behaviours in order to get the best from your technology. Consider creating structured demonstrations, workshops and online support. What is the “end of life” strategy for your technology? How might this influence the consumer? Consider ways in which your technology might boost the local economy in terms of jobs, technological development, infrastructure, etc. “The policy provided positive attitudes towards perceived costs, risks and benefits. Local development of the technology also provided knowledge and experience to a wide base of individuals and thus a positive attitude towards wind power. Also the perceived benefits of mostly local individuals and communities as opposed to foreign corporations provided a positive fairness factor.” Further information may be found in these references: Xxxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxxxx, M. (2007). Wind power implementation in changing institutional landscapes: An international comparison. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2737–2750. xxxxx://xxx.xxx/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.004 Xxxxxx, N. M. A., Xxxxx, X. X. X., & Steg, L. (2012). Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 525–531. Xxxxxx, X. X. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. Xxxxxxxxxx Publishing Co. xxxxx://xxx.xxx/citeulike-article-id:126680 Xxxxxx, X. X. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press.
