Summary and Discussion Sample Clauses

Summary and Discussion. The model employed in this paper allows us to study the stability of reverse payment agreements between brand and generic challengers that lead to extended monopoly periods. Prior literature has focused on the welfare effects of out of court settlements with and without reverse payments, and under what conditions they may be anti or pro-competitive. We focused instead on when ex ante pay-for-delay deals would be observed in equilibrium, which is equivalent to exclusivity awarded to the first successful challenger, and how it compares to the current system in the US which awards exclusivity to the first filer. Our model combines the first mover advantage for the first generic entrant with the ability of the branded manufacturer to launch an authorized generic to describe the conditions under which such deals are an equilibrium outcome. We do not explore all the other possible explanations for this phenomena. In particular, we show that compared to the first filer system, pay-for-delay deals are more difficult under the first successful challenger system. However even under the latter system, pay-for-delay deals can occur. We also show that pay-for-delay deals can occur even without any exclusivity period, as it happens in Europe. The model also shows that the payment to stay out increases not only in the ‘weakness’ of the underlying patent, but also in the extent of the first mover advantage. This is important because both the US Supreme Court in the case against ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, and the European Commission (DG Competition) in announcing the €147m fine against Lundbeck and the agreeing generics in a pay- for-delay case, cite the size of the payment as a “workable surrogate” for the weakness of the underlying patent, but ignore the role of the first mover advantage.21 21See p.19 US Supreme Court (2013) and comments by the Director General (DG Competition) of EC, p.9 Italianer (2013). ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, “Authorized generic entry prior to patent expiry: reassessing incentives for inde- pendent generic entry,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, July 2015, 97 (3), 654–666.‌ ▇▇▇▇ Laboratories, Inc., “▇▇▇▇ and Shire sign three agreements: a product acquisition agreement for Adderall; a product development agreement; and a settlement and license agreement for Adderall XR,” PR Newswire [Press Release] August 14 2006. London, UK. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. and ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, “Brand loyalty, generic entry and price competition in pharmaceuticals in the quarter century after the 198...

Summary and Discussion. N ≥ 1. In total we find 60 Q-classes (point groups) that lead to N ≥ 1 SUSY. 2. These Q-classes decompose in • 22 with an Abelian point group with one or two generators, i.e. ZN or ZN × ZM , out of which 17 lead to exactly N = 1 SUSY, and • 38 with a non-Abelian point group with two or three generators, such as S3 or ∆(216), out of which 35 lead to exactly N = 1 SUSY. That is, there are 52 Q-classes that can lead to models yielding the supersymmet- ric standard model. As we have explained in detail, Q-classes (or point groups) can come with in- equivalent lattices, classified by the so-called Z-classes. In the traditional orbifold literature, Z-classes are given by Lie lattices and a given choice fixes an orbifold geometry. However, as we have pointed out, not all lattices can be described by Lie lattices. Our results on Q-classes potentially relevant for supersymmetric model build- ing are as follows. 3. We find that there are 186 Z-classes, or, in other words, orbifold geometries that lead to N ≥ 1 SUSY. 4. These Z-classes decompose in 71 with an Abelian point group, out of which 60 lead to exactly = 1 ▇▇▇▇, and • 115 with a non-Abelian point group, out of which 108 lead to exactly N = 1 SUSY. Furthermore, space groups can be extended by so-called roto-translations, a com- bination of a twist and a (non-lattice) translation. We provide a full classification of all roto-translations in terms of affine classes, which are, as we discuss, the most suitable objects to classify inequivalent space groups. 5. We find 520 affine classes that lead to N ≥ 1 SUSY. 6. These affine classes decompose in • 162 with an Abelian point group, out of which 138 lead to exactly N = 1 SUSY, and • 358 with a non-Abelian point group, out of which 331 lead to exactly N = 1 SUSY. An important aspect of our classification is that we provide the data for all 138 space groups with Abelian point group and = 1 SUSY required to construct the corresponding models with the C++ orbifolder [46]. Among other things, this allows one to obtain a statistical survey of the properties of the models, which has so far only been performed for the Z6-II orbifold [42]. Our classification also has conceivable importance for phenomenology. For instance, one of the questions is how the ten-dimensional gauge group (i.e. E8 E8 or SO(32)) of the heterotic string gets broken by orbifolding. In most of the models discussed so far, the larger symmetry gets broken locally at some fixed point. Yet it has been arg...

Summary and Discussion. This report has first presented a newly developed model for an economic evaluation of biore- finery processes in a situation of limited data availability (for example no data for sizing of the equipment). The starting point of the analysis was the estimation of the capital expenditures (CAPEX) based on the calculated rated power of all equipment of the whole plant. Applied to the dataset that formed the basis for the sustainability assessment in the BIOCORE project, this model has proved to achieve reasonably good and coherent results. The newly devel- oped, coarse model provides therefore, given the limited available data, satisfactory results. In the standard scenarios, which were defined based on experts’ input regarding the most plausible technological performance in 2025, only a few of the biorefinery schemes are able to generate profits and none of these are able to achieve the target of an Internal Rate of Return of 25 %, which is the standard threshold usually considered necessary to attract capi- tal investment in the Chemical Industry. However, a few of these biorefinery schemes could pass over this threshold either under more favourable process conditions or with moderate subsidy levels. Also if customers turn out to be willing to pay Green Premiums on selected products, the profitability target could be achieved for some of the schemes. For those scenarios with moderate subsidy levels needed, these lie below 20 % output price support in selected cases, which is well below the current support for biofuels (e.g. for bio- diesel on average about 45 % in the EU and 50 % in Germany and for bioethanol about 60 % in the EU and 70 % in Germany). Given the strong political will to develop biorefineries in Europe and the higher value-added of biorefineries compared to just producing biofuels from biomass, this result provides a strong support for biorefineries. An alternative support instrument which results in a CAPEX cut has also been assessed. This support instrument has been developed within the new framework of the European Bio- economy by DG Research & Innovation and the Public Private Partnership Bio-based Indus- tries Consortium (BIC). According to this policy, it will be possible to get financial support for demonstration plants (40 % average) and for flagship plants (average 15 %). In combination with other programmes, e.g. regional development or member states support, the capital investment could be in total reduced by 50 % in some cases. Wit...

Summary and Discussion. Through the experiments discussed in this chapter, we describe the evaluation of a GPR37L1 variant identified in a family with a novel progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). The homozygous autosomal recessive variant (c.1047G>T, [Genebank NM_004767.3]) identified in the proband (VI:9), and results in a K349N substitution in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. Individuals VI:8 and VI:10, found to be heterozygous and wild type, respectively, are well beyond the age of presentation of all their siblings and are considered clinically unaffected. The youngest members, and the only males in the sibship (VI:11 and VI:12), were also found to be homozygous for the GPR37L1 variant. To date, these youngest individuals have not had a clinical presentation of PME but have exhibited abnormal neurological symptoms: VI:11 has had daily recurrent headaches, two abnormal EEGs, and visual disturbances, while VI:12 has reported daily recurrent headaches (no EEG performed). Interestingly, VI:11, who at the time of the present study is 16 years of age, is beyond the average age of seizure onset of his sisters and cousin. While there are well-known neurodevelopmental differences between males and females (Giatti et al. 2012), and previous studies have identified GPR37L1 as differentially expressed between the sexes (Shi, Zhang, and Su 2016), further observation of the youngest siblings will be required to determine if any sex differences exist in this case. We and others have shown that expression of GPR37L1 and/or GPR37 can mediate cytoprotective effects in vitro (Lundius et al. 2013; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2013).

Summary and Discussion. Introduction The concept of coherence in attachment interviews: summary and limitations The AAI as a rich but labor-intensive research tool The validity of the AAI in adolescents: summary and limitations Physiological reactivity during the AAI and during a conflict interaction task: summary and limitations Applications of the AAI

Summary and Discussion. In this section I have offered an analysis of the object agreement pattern in Khanty that neither appeals to GFs, nor assumes that there is one given position in the clause that triggers object agreement. I will discuss the first point in the next section. The second point I believe is an interesting step forward. As noted above, one of the criti- cisms levied against movement approaches to DOM is either finding evidence for the movement, which is not a problem here, but often it is difficult to define the class of elements that would move to a given position. If there is a single characteristic, then it is possible that all elements sharing that feature are attracted to a certain position. If not however, then one is always open to the charge of arbitrariness. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ shows exactly this problem, where it is difficult to generate an exact natural class of elements that trigger object agreement on the verb. For instance, if one would only look at Themes, one could argue that there is a topic position that all agreeing objects lie in. However, whilst ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2001) argues that goals are more prototypi- cally topical than Themes, and are mapped to the secondary topic role when the direct object is not a topic, such an approach runs into an issue when we consider that fo- cussed causees trigger object agreement. It seems unlikely that something can be both a focus and a topic at the same time, and so it cannot be the case that topicality is the sole feature that is responsible. However, under the approach discussed here we do have a link: all elements that trigger object agreement lie either at the edge, or outside the spell-out domain that is caused by v. Since v is a hard phase in Khanty (by assump- tion), then anything which is within this lower domain will not be able to enter into an Agee relation with F, and object agreement is impossible. 5 A Residue of Object Properties‌ Up to this point, our interest has been in showing that one can analyse object agree- ment in Khanty without employing GFs. However, simply showing that agreement in Khanty can be handled without GFs does not do justice to the approach of ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2011). Recall from Table 2 above that the arguments that control object agreement on verbs share a number of properties with subjects. This paints them in contrast with objects that do not control agreement on verbs, which do not share these properties. The strength of ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’s approach is that it provides an analysi...

Summary and Discussion. This chapter has presented the results of an empirical comparison on different techniques that can be used within Evolution Strategies for finding robust optima. From this empirical study we conclude that the myopic approach can be a very risky approach when aiming to find robust optima. It highly depends on the particularities of the objective function landscape, whether this approach will work. However, because the particularities of the objective function landscape are not known beforehand, this approach is not recommendable.

Summary and Discussion. In this deliverable, we propose a first screening strategy to identify potential risks of MNMs at early stage of innovation. This deliverable focusses on the first two stages where the potential of a MNM to give rise to human or environmental health risks can be deduced on the basis of a limited set of information (Figure 8, blue part).

Summary and Discussion. This study applies a hybrid MRIO model with inter-provincial electricity transmission to assess the impact of NE development on the carbon emissions embodied in the exports of China’s 30 provinces. The changes in carbon emissions are estimated by comparing historical data with a counterfactual without NE development. Such an investigation presents a comprehensive picture of NE impacts, including historical evolution, spatial distribution, mode of propagation and energy types, which can be used to test the applicability of national NE policies implementation. Large-scale NE development reduced export-embodied CO2 emissions by 203Mt, 244Mt, and 259 Mt export-embodied CO2 in 2007, 2010, and 2014 respectively, which was equivalent to 11.3% in 2007, 14.9 % in 2010 and 19.5% in 2014 of the total carbon emissions embodied in exports, respectively. Provinces with a large amount of export- embodied emissions, such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, have seen a relatively high carbon impact of NE as nuclear power and hydropower have been expanded. This shows that the expansion of NE in China has significantly reduced the potential carbon leakage in international trade. However, the provincial carbon impact of NE did not correlate directly with the distribution of export-embodied emissions. Several major trade provinces, such as Shandong and Hebei, had a relatively low carbon impact of NE. In contrast, provinces such as Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan, which had small amounts of export-embodied emissions, have driven large decreases in CO2 emissions as hydropower has expanded over a long period. Furthermore, NE impacts are divided into three modes: intra-regional, electricity transmission, and supply-chain. Since the intra-regional effect matches up well with NE resource across regions in China, most provinces with large NE impacts were mainly affected by intra-regional NE expansion. This study highlights the relationship between electricity transmission and the carbon impacts of NE. Electricity transmission led to CO2 emission reductions of 50 Mt in 2007, increasing to 62 Mt in 2014. Overall, the exported electricity of the Central and Southwest regions made a large contribution to reducing the emission tensions in the East Coast and South Coast regions. The exported electricity of the Northwest region could also effectively reduce the CO2 emissions in the North region. Moreover, the facilitation of mitigation due to electricity transmission depends on the level of NE ...