Results and Analysis. The synthesized traces of the vehicles for a T-junction and highway merging scenarios are given in Fig. 3 and 4, respectively. In the non-cooperative cases in both scenarios, we observed behaviors where vehicles act conservatively and slow down to avoid a low reward due to a collision. For instance, vehicle 2 (blue) in Fig. 3b at t = 2 s is decelerating to maximize its reward against possibly hostile We denote by xi,k at step k = (px,i,k , py,i,k , vx,i,k , vy,i,k )T the vehicle state T is determined (objective minimizing) behaviors of vehicle 1 (red). Vehicle 1 (red) on Fig. 4b at t = 2 s also displays a similar behavior. . The control input ui,k = (ax,i,k, ay,i,k) ƒ by the current vehicle states xi,k and the states of the other vehicles x j,k, j = 1,..., N, j = i. (px,i,k, py,i,k) is the (x, y)- position, (vx,i,k, vy,i,k) is the (x, y)-velocity, and (ax,i,k, ay,i,k) is the (x, y)-acceleration of a vehicle i at the kth time step. We describe a trace of the system within the time horizon H as (xH ,..., xH ). On the other hand, when there is cooperation, there are less occurrences of such deceleration, since the vehicles are aware of and act to accommodate each others’ next maneuver. Tab. III summarizes the performance of the controller under cooperation and non-cooperation in the two scenarios. We report the arrival time of each vehicle and the sum of the arrival times of both the vehicles. In both the T-junction
Results and Analysis. Describe the results including required details compared · Use diagrams, tables and figures for overview and understanding · Show results vs. requirements vs. state of the art · Describe cooperation of the Participating Partners · Give an interpretation and/or analysis of the results · Highlight major achievements · Highlight major impacts for the European industry (industrial relevance, exploitation plans and business view): Describe customers commitment reached Describe access to market and relevant roadmap following Application Experiment Direct impact on the Selected Third Party Expected further impact Further financing plan and achievements
Results and Analysis. 4.1. General overview of European electricity system Net electricity generation output in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland amounted approximately to 2,870 TWh in 2012. Accounting for 16 % of that figure, hydro represents the largest source of renewable power generation. The 157 PSP plants currently in operation in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland with an installed capacity of 42.7 GW enable generating 63.7 TWh of power. Figure 4: Power mix capacity (Source: EIA, 2013) Figure 5: Renewables production in 2010 (Eurelectric, 2012) The PSP portfolio in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland is mainly composed of low power output units, with almost half of the installed fleet represented by machines below 50 MW. The fleet is also ageing, with the majority of its machines having been commissioned before 1990. I N S T A L L E D C A P A C I T Y ( E U - 1 5 + N O R W A Y + S W I T Z E R L A N D ) SIZE INSTALLED CAPACITY BUILT BEFORE 1990 Units % in MW Units % in MW < 50 MW 281 15 % 262 17 % 50 – 105 MW 148 26 % 133 28 % 105 – 200 MW 100 34 % 87 35 % 200 – 300 MW 32 17 % 22 14 % 300 – 400 MW 11 8 % 7 6 % TOTAL 572 100 % 511 100 % Table 2 : Breakdown of the installed PSP capacity (Alstom, 2013) The market for Pumped-Storage has seen a significant expansion during the period 1960 – 1990,with an annual average growth of 30% resulting in an average of 1.1 GW of new capacity added each year (see figure 7). This development followed the development of the European nuclear power plant fleet. Though the market in Europe for PSP is already considered ripe, the European Union’s 20-20-20 vision further reinforces the potential of this “segment” given that this technology is viewed as the only reliable option available to match up the required scale of storing large volumes of surplus intermittent renewable power. There is therefore great potential for PSPs to propel the EU in reaching their energy policy goals 20-20-20 package. These insights and developments have encouraged countries such as Portugal, Switzerland or Austria to approve a certain number of new PSP projects. By 2020, the European installed capacity is expected to reach the level of 47.8 GW, a rise of almost 16 % in 10 years. Figure 6: Market development for PSP in the EU-15 = Norway + Switzerland (Alstom, 2013) A detailed analysis per country is included in the appendix.
Results and Analysis. The group key agreement protocol TGECDH is implemented using java language. The implementation performs the ECDH group key agreement module. When members join and leave the group dynamically, it constructs a height balanced tree and generates the new group key.
Results and Analysis. Methanol spectra comparing the SNR of a single-pass optical arrangement and that of the multipass spectrometer are shown in Figure 3.3. As expected, the seven-fold increase in pathlength increased the SNR of the spectrum by up to a factor of ∼5; additional increase in SNR was limited by power loss in the probe beam. This power loss was also observed by Schmuttenmaer et al. (1990), who worked with a similarly sized THz beam. The relative intensities of the lines between the two spectra indicate that the temperature of the gas probed by the single-pass and multi-pass setups is similar in value. The density and temperature of a molecule in a gas sample can be determined using a Boltzmann diagram analysis based on the integrated intensity of the observed spectral lines. This analysis approach adopts the convention used in radio astronomy, where the ∫ ∞ integrated intensities of the spectral lines, −∞ Ibdv, and their corresponding energy levels, Ei, are related by ∫ ∞ I dv = hc3Agi NT e−Ei/kTrot, (3.2) −∞ b 8πkν2 Φ(T
Results and Analysis. In this section, I will present the estimation results of the proposed joint state-space model and some simulation studies are conducted to show how changes in rewards structure influence players’ play and purchase decisions.
Results and Analysis. In order to increase the probability of success at the end of the project, two parallel research lines based on large-scale GFET array TDM and FDM have been investigated. Each research line has started from the same sensing and digital signal-processing requirements, so their ASIC figures of merit can be compared.
Results and Analysis. There is increase in imports from Japan to India from base year (last year before CEPA came into force) to first year (1st annual year after CEPA came into force), by 9,54, 960 lacs rupees (2095.59 million USDxi), where majorly all commodities imports rose. However, from 1st to 2nd year, imports from Japan decreased by 4,06,000 lacs rupees (890.94 million USD). The reason for this decline could be GDP related, where last two years faced very slow growth as compared to the base year & imports shrank due to prolonged low growth. But the overall growth in imports from base year to second year was positive with increment in imports of approx. 5,50,000 lacs rupees (1206.94 million USD) (Figure 5). Total imports from the rest of the world/ ROW (Total imports to India from the world minus total imports to India from Japan) for base year & second year are calculated for commodities in the analysis and cumulative deterioration in imports from ROW from base year to 2nd year is calculated. Instead of the decline, there was the rise in overall imports from the rest of the world by 1,18,22,765 lacs rupees (25944.18 million USD). Thus the total trade creation from base year to 2nd year for India was amazingly positive with 1,23,71,815 lacs rupees (27149.03 million USD). This completes more than half of the analysis with results favoring enforcement of CEPA. Our next step is to see the welfare implications of the reductions in tariffs. For this purpose, we have to weigh consumer surplus generated in India due to increased imports from Japan, with tariffs revenue loss for ROW due to decreased imports to India from ROW. Consumer surplus is shown in the figure 6 indicates that with the fall in tariffs causing decline in prices from p to p’, imports from Japan increases from q to q’, is raising consumer surplus by the amount shown in triangle ABC. Also, since imports from ROW have actually increased, this proved the welfare to be positive. Mathematically, Consumer surplus (figure 6) for 2010-2014 (0.5*tariff reductions*cumulative increase in imports) & tariffs revenue loss for ROW for 2010- 2014 (cumulative decrease in imports*base year tariffs), are 5,76,852 lacs rupees (1265.86 million USD) and 6,12,88,000 lacs rupees (134,491.98 million USD) respectively. Hence, Welfare is found out to be approx. 6,18,00,000 lacs rupees (135,615.53 million).
Results and Analysis. The Wall-ACE dynamic wall has been developed, tested and finalised in the form of a wall simulation tool allowing to play with the different material layers. Up to 10 layers can be set in the model. The example below shows an application with 7 layers. The two first internal layers are replaced by air to avoid shifting the cells of the original wall composition. One can then add internal plaster in the layers previously inactivated by using air. As an illustrative example, the typical case of the analysis of thermal energy saving by adding an insulation plaster on the internal side of a wall is presented with the thermal energy savings as well as the condensation risks and occurrence. Layer W/m2-K L(m) Lambda (W/m-K) R (m2-K/W) U (W/m2-K) SUM 0.357 2.558 0.39 Interior 8 - - 0.125 L1 - 0.050 0.034 1.47 L2 - 0.001 0.034 0.029 L3 - 0.120 1.2 0.10 L4 - 0.050 0.08 0.625 L5 - 0.120 1.12 0.11 L6 - 0.015 0.7 0.021 L7 - 0.001 0.034 0.03 Exterior 20 - - 0.050 Figure 2: Wall characteristics for the example (obtained by the Excel workbook with a macros reading the wall.dat file after a single simulation run). Wall-ACE_Deliverable_D4.1_vfinal-rev20200122 5 xx xxxxxxx with vapour barrier inside 5 xx xxxxxxx 1 xx xxxxxxx Figure 3: Scheme of the wall: non insulated, with 1 xx xxxxxxx inside thickness augmented gradually Æ Suppression of condensation by adding a vapour barrier Æ up to 5 cm, then adding a vapour barrier to solve the condensation problem non insulated 1 cm insulated 5 cm insulated with vapour barrier 5 cm internal plaster insulation Figure 4: Thickness of the plaster from 0 to 5 cm and then adding a vapour barrier solving condensation Wall-ACE_Deliverable_D4.1_vfinal-rev20200122 The addition of an internal high-performance plaster reduces the thermal losses of the wall, but there is a non-linear increase of condensation between 2 and 3 cm. This can be explained by the reduction of the temperature behind the plaster between 2 and 3 cm thickness. The figure below presents the increase of annual cumulative hours below the dew point temperature behind the plaster in relation to its thickness. Increase from 2 to 3 cm Increase from 3 to 4 cm Increase from 4 to 5 cm Figure 5: Explanation for the non-linearity in the sudden increase of condensation as shown in the Figure 3 above The number of hours below the dew point behind the plaster increases from 44 hours per year for 2 cm to 660 hours per year, when the thickness is increased to 3 cm. This example shows how im...
Results and Analysis. The following chapter will discuss and give a short analysis about the results and compare the original solutions with the two model cases.
