Research Needs. The effectiveness of the Burka has not been experimentally tested. Needs to be trialled in a range of fisheries and areas to demonstrate efficacy. Minimum standards / Recommendation None. Insufficient evidence to recommend this measure.
Research Needs. Sink rates and profiles of line weighting regimes may vary according to vessel type, setting speed and deployment position in relation to propeller turbulence. It is important that the sink rate relationships of different line weighting regimes are understood for a particular fishery (or fishery method) and that the effectiveness of the line weighting regime and the sink profile in reducing seabird mortality is tested. Minimum standards Global minimum standards not established. Requirements vary by fishery and vessel type. For example, CCAMLR minimum requirements for vessels using the Spanish method of longline fishing are 8.5kg mass at 40m intervals (if rocks are used), 6kg mass at 20m intervals for traditional (concrete) weights, and 5kg weights at 40m intervals for solid steel weights. Implementation monitoring Fishing gear is deployed manually. Weights are attached by hand during line setting and removed during line hauling. Distance between weights and the mass of the weight used may vary in accordance with fishing strategy and for operational reasons. Observer presence on vessel is required to assess implementation.
Research Needs. The relationship between line-weighting regime, setting speed, sink rates/profiles and the seabird access window should be investigated for other fisheries (i.e. those that haven’t already been tested –Bering Sea, Alaska, and New Zealand ling fishery) including with additional mitigation measures (particularly bird scaring lines); these investigations would be useful in determining the necessary aerial extent of the bird scaring lines. Minimum standards Global minimum standards not in place. CCAMLR currently require as a minimum IW lines with a lead core of 50g/m, which is also required in the New Zealand demersal longline fishery. Implementation monitoring Weight (lead core) integrated into fabric of longline, so compliance is intrinsic in this measure. It is expensive and time consuming to alter longline when at sea, including for vessels with long transit times to fishing grounds (e.g., Antarctic and sub Antarctic fisheries). Port inspection of all longline on board prior to embarkation on fishing trips considered adequate for assessment of compliance.
Research Needs. Need to investigate improvements to the current design to increase the depth at which the line is set, especially during rough seas. Should also be tested with integrated weight lines to determine whether this improves bycatch reduction. Also need to investigate optimal use of device together with other mitigation measures (bird scaring lines and weighted lines). Minimum standards Not yet established.
Research Needs. 2.5.1 Physics and mechanics of snow Snow as material for avalanches is a complex mixture of air, water and ice, which is in our environment always close to its melting point and henceforth changes its physical properties continuously in time and space. This metamorphic process which changes the shape of the snow particles from fine dendrites to rounded grains or other shaped particles depending on temperatures, density, solar insulation and wind has to be known in detail if the formation of the various types of avalanches should be predictable for detailed avalanche forecasting. Unfortunately, a massive lack of knowledge still exists to quantitatively describe shrinking, settling and re-cristallisation processes combined with the corresponding changes in mechanical properties such as shear resistance and cohesion within the snow pack.
Research Needs. As discussed in this review swimmers play an important role in public pool water quality. Swimmers frequently introduce considerable amounts of contaminants into pool water. Additionally, surveys show a large percentage of Americans practice unhygienic swimming behaviors in public pools and have a lack of knowledge related to healthy swimming. In regard to pool operators, studies show there is a lack of adequate training and knowledge related to proper pool maintenance and RWI prevention. With the incidence of RWIs increasing, there is a need for increased efforts to promote healthy public swimming pool environments and behaviors. Furthermore, there are three areas where more research is needed. First, the methods used in the previously described pool water quality studies involved testing bulk water samples or filter backwash samples. However, the studies did not assess the microbial quality of bulk water compared to surface water. It can be beneficial to assess the microbial quality of surface water to determine if it is a good indicator of overall pool water quality. Second, there is no federal policy or state policy in Georgia that requires routine microbiological testing for public swimming pools. However, the WHO provides guidelines for routine microbial testing. More research in this area is needed to determine if routine microbiological testing would be a feasible and beneficial practice to minimize the risk of recreational water illnesses. Third, while the papers discussed in this review examined swimmer hygiene behavior and pool operator behavior, these studies did not quantitatively assessed the association between these behaviors and pool microbial quality. This gap in research prevents a comprehensive assessment of behavioral contributors to swimming pool water quality. More research on this association can provide evidence to inform better decision- making and policies for pool safety practices. The present study will aim to elucidate these gaps in knowledge by assessing the correlation between microbes in pool water surface samples and pool water bulk samples. Additionally, the present study will examine the association between pool staff behaviors and pool microbial levels and swimmer behaviors and pool microbial levels, using survey data and water samples collected from public swimming pools in Atlanta, Georgia Chapter II. Manuscript
Research Needs. 5.3.3.1 Sensors
Research Needs. As the CROPS project provides only an interim step towards a Weather Dependent Separation (WDS) concept, the following key validation areas should be further researched under the SESAR WP6.8.1 Phase 2: • Definition of the weather criteria (not only crosswind) allowing the reduction of wake turbulence separations (by 0.5 or 1.0 NM) • Definition of the weather dependent reduced wake turbulence separations under different weather conditions • Assessment of the wake vortex encounter risk associated to the reduction of wake turbulence separations under pre-identified weather conditions • Assessment of the spatial and temporal stability of the weather conditions allowing the reduction of wake turbulence separations • Assessment of the potential benefits for various airports considering the distribution of their wind conditions throughout the year • Definition and assessment of the HMI and ATM component requirements and operational procedures allowing the air traffic controller to apply weather dependent wake turbulence separations • Definition of the requirements and operational procedures allowing the flight crew to safely apply the controller proposed weather dependent wake turbulence separations • Definition of the high level system, functional and algorithm requirements of the WDS tool support
Research Needs. The airborne wake vortex detection / characterisation, warning conflict resolution and impact mitigation is a quite novel field and hence only little research work is known until today. The development of systems that reliably predict wake vortices in front of aircraft is highly desirable. By reducing the probability of wake vortex encounters, such systems would contribute to safety enhancements of the commercial air transport system. Furthermore, forward-looking detection systems are seen as a key technology to enable a reduction of today’s wake turbulence separation requirements in order to increase airport and airspace capacities. The majority of research needs related to airborne wake vortex systems concern the different enabling technologies, for example, the associated wake vortex sensor. Related technology research needs are addressed in §5.2 of this report. Research needs specific to the underlying operational concepts are listed in §3.6.
Research Needs. Nevertheless, beyond SESAR, some hot spots may arise when deploying the WVDSS in TMAs. • Some areas will not be (or sufficiently) equipped by sensors. This would prevent having enough meteo or wind information to feed WVAS, as well, prevent having information on the wake vortex decay, especially in the ILS interception point upstream areas, these information being mandatory in order to organize and increase traffic capacity well ahead from the ILS interception. If not, it will not be possible to derive maximum benefit from capacity gain possibly got in along the glide because of the scattered arrival traffic converging towards the ILS interception point. Therefore it could impede from spreading the system in the extended terminal major areas (TMA), • Some models used in the WVAS i.e. Wake Vortex Predictor might be put on the spot when it is facing to high traffic capacity, especially in very dense TMAs, • The Human Machine Interface (HMI) must be subject to Human Factor analysis and suite the ATC controllers. WVDSS focuses on sensors, meteo and WVAS sub systems rather than HMI. As well, it might be of interest to ensure interoperability between wake vortex advisory system and its sister system i.e. the weather hazard advisory system. Therefore, it is suggested that several studies and research are made in the coming years:
