Intrinsic Organization of the Striatum Sample Clauses

Intrinsic Organization of the Striatum. The striatum consists of three functionally different components that can be segregated based on the sources of cortical innervation. The caudate connects with associative cortical areas; the putamen receives its main cortical innervation from motor cortices, while the accumbens is mainly connected with limbic cortical regions (Parent et al., 1996). These territories process cognitive, motor, and emotional or motivational information, respectively (Yelnik, 2002). Additionally, dorsolateral caudate and a strip of the caudal putamen receive inputs from the higher visual and oculomotor-related areas of the cortex (Xxxxxxx xx.xx, 2001). Based on neurochemical and hodological differences, the striatum has been divided into two distinct compartments, the patch/striosome and the matrix (Graybiel et al., 1981; Xxxxxxxxx and Pert, 1981). The patch areas receive projections from the limbic and prefrontal association cortices, and thalamic paraventricular (PV) and rhomboid nuclei, while the matrix is innervated by the projections from the sensorimotor cortices and many thalamic nuclei (Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990; Xxxxxx and Sawchenko, 1984; Xxxxxx, 1989) Wang et al, 1998; (Xxxxx and Graybiel, 1995). Projection neurons of the striatum can be further segregated into two main output pathways so-called the direct and indirect pathways. The direct pathway projects to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and internal globus pallidus (GPi), the two basal ganglia output nuclei, while the indirect pathway projects to the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and the STN. Ultimately, both pathways innervate thalamocortical projections and balanced activity of these pathways engages thalamocortical circuits to generate fluid movement. The two pathways have functionally opposite roles with the direct pathway facilitating movement and the indirect pathway inhibiting it. Further, the activity of both pathways is mediated by xxxxx-striatal dopamine via facilitation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway through activation of dopamine receptors. The establishment of the theory of “direct” and “indirect” pathways of the basal ganglia (Xxxxx et al., 1989) have provided a key concept in striatal circuitry. The MSNs are thought to comprise the direct and indirect pathways by projecting to SNr either monosynaptically or via GP and STN. The MSNs in the direct pathway express D1 dopamine receptors and contain substance P and dynorphin, while the MSNs...
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