International Law. This ASTD Framework represents political commitments of the Arctic States. The Participants do not intend this ASTD Framework to be binding under international law.
International Law. Cases and Xxxx- xxxxx, (3rd ed., 1993) Hobe, S., Die rechtlichen Rahmenbegingungen der wirtschaftlichen Nutzung des Wel- traums, (1995) Xxxxxxx, N.L.J.T., Liability Versus Responsibility Under International Law, (1996) Xxxxxxx, B., State Liability for Outer Space Activities in Accordance with the 1972 Con- vention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, (1992) Ikl´e, F.C., How Nations Negotiate (1964) International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (ed.), Arbitration in Air, Space and Telecommunications Law: Enforcing Regulatory Measures, The Permanent Court of Arbitration / Peace Palace Papers, PCA International Law Seminar, February 23, 2001, (2001) International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission, 28th Session, [1976], ILC YB 1 International Law Association, XXX Booklet, Space Law Committee, Section B: Sugges- tions for the Future (64th Conference, London, 1990), (1990) International Law Commission, Report of International Law Commission, (1991) International Law Association, XXX Committee on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: XXX Re- port (1994) International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation (INTELSAT), Bridging the Gap : A Guide to Telecommunications and Development, (1985) Xxxxxxx, X.X., The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, 2nd ed., (1997) Xxxxx, X.X. (ed.), International Courts for the Twenty-First Century (1992) Xxxxx, M.W., An Introduction to International Law, (2nd ed., 1993) Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, N., International Space Law and the United Nations, A publication on the occasion of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III), July 1999, Vienna, Austria, (1999) Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, N., (ed.), Maintaining Outer Space for Peaceful Uses, (1984) Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, N. and Xxx, R.S.K., Manual on Space Law, Volume III, (1979) Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, N., (ed.), Space Law: Development and Scope, (1992) Xxxxxxxx X. and Xxxxx X., (eds.), Xxxxxxxxx’x International Law Volume I, 9th ed., (1992) Xxxxxx, X., A Modern Law of Nations (1986) Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxx, X. and Xxxxxxx X. (eds.), The Antarctic Treaty System in World Politics (1991) Xxxxxx, X.X.X., Handbook of Satellite Telecommunications and Broadcasting, (1987) Xxxxxxx, S., (ed.), National Symposium on Court Connected Dispute Resolution Research - a Report on current Research Findings - Implications for Courts and Research Needs,
International Law. The determination of what is and what is not customary international law is, of course, contentious, and it is beyond the scope of this Article to attempt a comprehensive analysis of the question in this context. 51 It is enough to note that we do not witness a consistent pattern of reparations being paid between states when international obligations are violated. Furthermore, the draft articles are only relevant when states have chosen to enter into a hard law agreement and include a dispute resolution mechanism. The hard law form is necessary because if there is rule of customary international law it only appear s to bind states in the event of a violation of hard law obligations. Even the Draft Article of State Responsibility do not claim that the reparations obligation applies to soft law. 52 States, therefore, could only consider the reparations obligation rele vant in instances in which they select the hard law form. If anything this depends the puzzle addressed in the Article since a customary international law requiring reparation would make hard law even more powerful and effective relative to soft law.
International Law. The Parties confirm their mutual understanding that "" customary international law referred to in article 9.4 is of a general practice and bottleoperative States, followed by them in the context of a legal obligation. with respect to article 9.4, the minimum standard of treatment of aliens by customary international law refers to all customary international law principles that protect the economic rights and interests of aliens. Annex 9-B Payments and transfers With respect to the obligations contained in article 9.9, each Party shall reserve the functions and powers of the central banks, to maintain or adopt measures in accordance with its applicable legislation, in the case of Chile, Act No. 18.840 constitutional organic, of the Central Bank of Chile, or other legal; and in the case of Colombia, Act No. 31, 1992 or other legal; to ensure the stability of the currency and the normal functioning of the internal and external payment costing US $500,000 as powers for this purpose, the regulation of the amount of money and credit in circulation, the execution of credit transactions and international changes, as also make rules in the field of monetary, financial and credit of international changes. As part of these measures, including the establishment of requirements which restrict or limit transfers (current payments and capital movements) to or from each party and operations which relate to them, e.g. establish that deposits or investments from loans, or intended to be subject to the obligation to maintain a reserve requirement or deposit. in applying measures under this annex in accordance with its domestic law, the Parties shall not discriminate between the other party and a non- party in respect of transactions of the same nature. Annex 9-C Expropriation The Parties confirm their mutual understanding that:
International Law. 1. The Parties confirm their mutual understanding that customary international law in general and as is specifically mentioned in article 10.5 of is a general practice and bottleoperative States, followed by them in the context of a legal obligation.
International Law. The Collected Papers of Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx. Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press 1970) Lepard BD, ‘Introduction: Why Does Customary International Law Need Reexamining?’ in Xxxxx X Xxxxxx (ed), Reexamining Customary International Law (Cambridge University Press 2017). Xxxxxx BD, ‘Toward a New Theory of Customary International Human Rights Law’ in Xxxxx X Xxxxxx (ed), Reexamining Customary International Law (Cambridge University Press 2017). Xxxxx X, ‘How to Select and Develop International Law Case Studies: Lessons from Comparative Law and Comparative Politics’ (2015) 109 The American Journal of International Law 475. Lister C, ‘Profiling the Islamic State’ (Brookings Doha Center 2014) <xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/en_web_lister.pdf> accessed 12 October 2020. Lister C, ‘Profiling Xxxxxx Xx-Nusra’ (2016) <xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/wp- content/uploads/2016/07/iwr_20160728_profiling_nusra.pdf> accessed 22 May 2020. Loyle CE, ‘Rebel Justice during Armed Conflict’ [2020] Journal of Conflict Resolution 1. Loyle CE and Xxxxxxxxxx HM, ‘Justice during Armed Conflict: A New Dataset on Government and Rebel Strategies’ (2018) 62 Journal of Conflict Resolution 442. Xxxxx X, ‘No Legal Basis under IHL for Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts? A Comment on Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx x. Ministry of Defence’ (Ejil: Talk!, 5 May 2014) <xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx/no-legal-basis-under-ihl-for-detention-in-non-international-armed- conflicts-a-comment-on-xxxxxx-xxxxxxxx-v-ministry-of-defence/> accessed 22 May 2020. Xxxxx K, ‘A Needle in a Haystack: Locating the Legal Basis for Detention in Non- International Armed Conflict’ (2015) 45 Isr YB Hum Rts 87. Xxxxxxxx XX, Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life During War (Cornell University Press 2011). Xxxxxxxx X, ‘Insurgent Governance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’ in Xxxxx Xxxxxxx (ed), Inducing Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (Cambridge University Press 2015). Xxxxx X and Xxxxxx X, Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda’s Most Powerful Ally (Indiana University Press 2018). Xxxxxxxxxxxx X, Armed Non-State Actors in International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law: Foundation and Framework of Obligations and Rules on Accountability (Routledge 2017). Matas D, ‘Armed Opposition Groups’ (1997) 3 Manitoba Law Journal. Xx Xxxx X and Xxxxxxx M, ‘Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups. A Manual for Practitioners’ (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanita...
International Law. International agreements in Ethiopia have to be ratified by the House of Representatives. The line ministry prepares a ratification proclamation for submission to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During every step of the procedure, the proclamation is accompanied by an explanatory memorandum. In the case of transport-related agreements, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs submits the ratification proclamation to the permanent committee on transport (of the House of Representatives) and the Council of Ministers. If these two bodies approve the ratification proclamation, it is submitted to the House of Representatives for approval, after which it is published and comes into effect.
International Law. At the international law (business practice) level, the contractual liability for non-payment of agency commission is incorporated in several clauses (articles 13-14) of the International IH&RA-UFTAA Code of Practice. It is a contractual hotel-keeper's liability for proprietary and non-proprietary damage to the tourist agency due to violations of two contractual obligations: 1) the obligation to pay commission and 2) the obligation of a clear understanding of the commission. The hotel-keeper is liable to the travel agency for proprietary and non-proprietary damage if he does not pay in full and on time the commission for paid allotment services (article 13). The rule of international business practice is that the travel agency alone pays the price of hotel services rendered minus the commission, unless explicitly agreed that the price will be paid directly by the allotment guest, in which case the hotel-keeper guarantees the payment of the commission to the travel (tourist) agency. The IH&RA-UFTAA Code does not specify the period within which the hotel-keeper, in the allotment contract, must pay the commission to the travel agency in case the guests themselves pay directly the price of hotel (allotment) services. In case that the deadline is not contracted, the author assumes that the hotel-keeper should pay the commission immediately upon the request of the agency or in the subsequently contracted deadline. The hotel-keeper is liable for any damage arising from non-payment of the commission, which guest paid directly the price of confirmed services (article 13.d).
International Law. In the IH&RA-UFTAA Code, the hotel-keeper's liability in the allotment contract for proprietary and non- proprietary damage due to breach of the obligation to make available certain facilities to the agency from the allotment contract arises from the duties determined by the provisions of articles 25-28. The hotel-keeper shall comply with all contractual requirements for each accepted reservation and put at the disposal of travel agency contracted accommodation for the allotment group of guests (article 25.a1.). If the hotel-keeper does not fulfill this obligation (article 25.a2.), the travel agency will reimburse him for the ''loss actually suffered''. Nevertheless, the hotel-keeper will not be liable for breach of these obligations in four cases: 1) if he provides, at his own expense, adequate accommodation for guests at the nearest ''equivalent'' hotel (article 25.b1), 2) if he, at his own expense, before the arrival of the allotment guests, notifies them or the travel agency about the change of the original hotel with the new "substitute" hotel (article 25.b2.), 3) if he, at his own cost, after the conditions for return to the original booked hotel are met and guests want to come back, pays such transfer (article 25.b3.), and 4) if, in recognizing the impossibility of fulfilling the obligation due to force majeure, the hotel-keeper immediately notifies the agency (articles 26-27.). According to article 26 of the Code, exclusion of the hotel-keeper's liability exists in case of force majeure, even when it is a reason for the ''multiple booking'' (article 26.). The disadvantages of provisions of the IH&RA-UFTAA Code, in relation to the hotel-keeper's obligation to make available certain facilities to the agency are: 1) not defining the type of accommodation facilities which will be made available and 2) non-content of the exculpation provisions of the hotel-keeper's contractual liability in case of unjustified transfer of allotment guests to another facility.
International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A manual of public international law.]
