Implications and Recommendations Sample Clauses

Implications and Recommendations. Although incidence of HIV infection and deaths among persons living with HIV has been decreasing, disparities among those infected continue to persist (NYCDOHMH, 2013a). In order to continue the trend of declining new HIV infections and death related to late diagnosis, we must continue to strive to increase testing and speedy linkage to care. This entails continuous efforts to educate and encourage people to get tested. Early testing and diagnosis is crucial as it improves health outcomes of individuals living with HIV Staten Island continues to see markedly lower testing rates when compared to the rest of NYC. In 2011, Staten Island reported the fewest number of HIV diagnoses but the highest proportion of concurrent HIV/AIDS diagnoses (34.9%) when compared to the other NYC boroughs (NYCDOHMH, 2012). It the highest percentage of residents of the five NYC boroughs that have never been tested (55.6%) and low provision of testing as only 18.9% reported being tested in the past 12 months (NYCDOHM, 2013b). The survey measured HIV testing two ways. The first was by asking if the respondent has ever been tested. The second asked when the most recent test was if they had responded that they had been tested previously. According to the results of this community-level survey, 85% reported having received an HIV at least once. Of those who reported having tested, 63% reported testing within the last 12 months. There are a number of reasons that could account for the differences between Staten Island’s borough wide testing data and that of the Status Check Project. As stated previously in the limitations, there was a possibility that respondents may have been exposed to other prevention programs in the area in an apparently higher prevalence of testing in the survey sample. Considering that the target population the survey sample that was drawn is considered high-risk for HIV infection, it is possible that they may have already been exposed to different other programs serving the area and of prevention messaging recommendation for testing. Another possible reason is that the borough wide data is not comparable to the specific population that was surveyed. Borough estimates may also play a role. The borough estimate regarding testing may be incorrect and testing is actually higher than reported for Staten Island. The implication of this possibility is that XXXXX’s prevention work is not necessary as the testing prevalence is already high. The borough estimate and the e...

Implications and Recommendations. Given the currency of the research topic in Kazakhstan as it concerns one of the major subjects, “History of Kazakhstan” in the school curriculum and as critical thinking is one of the most commonly discussed educational competencies in contemporary times, the research findings have contributed to current knowledge and understanding of the implementation of the History curriculum integrating critical thinking and particularly of school teachers’ perception about it and factors that influence its implementation. Additionally, the research provides new insight into the relationship between enacted curriculum and planned curriculum in the history curriculum. It is the first study conducted to identify the teachers’ conceptualization of the planned and enacted curricula in the history curriculum in the country. As alignment between the two is crucial, the research identified major misalignments and shed light on issues concerning textbooks and official curriculum documents. My study highlights several implications and recommendations for educational policymakers and schools. While politicians may acknowledge that teachers play a crucial role in the implementation of the curriculum, they should also evaluate the gap between teachers and the professional body that creates the educational curriculum. They might profit from applying the study's findings to simplify the process of adopting the new history curriculum. Most teachers participating in my study do not have a comprehensive understanding of the nature and function of critical thinking in the historical subject matter. By setting up professional development courses that are specifically focused on this aspect of the new curriculum and critical thinking skills or by publishing more and better methodology and teaching guides and handbooks with effective implementation guidelines and instructions on the embedding of critical thinking skills, policymakers can assist teachers in greater understanding how to integrate critical thinking in the history subject. The availability of additional teaching resources, such as lesson plans and teacher manuals, may also be advantageous to teachers, as according to my findings, there appears to be a lack of resources and methodological materials which become a hindrance for teachers. Moreover, in order to make the curriculum of History of Kazakhstan more relevant to the academic level of mainstream pupils, policymakers may also need to make significant changes to the conten...

Implications and Recommendations. Maternal health characteristics and mental disorders have long been assessed, and results have consistently shown these characteristics are linked to these disorders. Specifically, multiple studies have shown an increased risk for symptoms of psychopathology in children who were born with low or very low birth weights.2,40,41 Additionally, Xxxxxxxxx et al. found in a population-based prospective cohort study that maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was linked to child inattention symptoms in Sweden.42 Further, an Australian-based birth cohort study found that there was a robust association between increased risk of alcohol use disorders and early weaning.43 Even breastfeeding has been associated with low levels of conduct disorder symptoms.33 Few published studies were found in the literature assessing breastfeeding and ADHD specifically, but of those that were uncovered, they all had dissimilar results to the present analysis. Xxxxxx et al. used population-based cohort data to assess the association between breastfeeding and attention behavior in 400 young children (aged 4) in Spain. This study found breastfeeding to be associated with a lower risk of developing ADHD symptoms (relative risk of 0.56; 95% confidence interval 0.37-0.85 for 12-20 weeks of breastfeeding).34 Xxxxxx et al. controlled for birth weight, maternal social class, education level and smoking habits, all which were associated with duration of breastfeeding. The study type, the age of participants as well as the number of children included in the study may contribute to the differences in results from the present study. Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxx et al. studied breastfeeding and ADHD symptoms in 100 children 4 to 11 years of age in Poland in a case-control study. The results indicate that a short duration of breastfeeding may be considered a risk factor for developing ADHD symptoms as the duration of breastfeeding was significantly greater in the in the control group (0.55 years) as compared with those that had ADHD symptoms (0.44 years; p<0.04).35 Additionally, 60% compared with 32.5% of children with ADHD and without ADHD, respectively, were breastfed for less than 3 months (p<0.05). Even though the population for this study was only 100 children, it evaluated children slightly older than the present study, which may contribute to the differing results. While breastfeeding has been linked to many health benefits in children, no published studies conducted in the U.S. have evaluated the relationship bet...

Implications and Recommendations. This study found that levels of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 immune responses were significantly different between leprosy patients with and without schistosomiasis infections compared to healthy controls with and without schistosomiasis infections. Levels of TNF-α were significantly different between the four groups, even after controlling for sex, age, and vitamin D deficiency. Levels of IFN-γ were also found to be significantly different between the four groups, which remained after controlling for sex, age, and vitamin D deficiency. Levels of IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 were not significantly different across groups. These findings are consistent with the model of helminth mediated immune dysregulation and previous literature (X. X. Xxxxx et al., 2010). Decreased levels of IFN-γ observed in leprosy patients with helminth co-infections are consistent with the suppression of the Th1 immune response and prior literature (Xxxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2015; X. X. Xxxxx et al., 2010). This study provides further evidence to support infection with helminths as a risk factor for leprosy. This association may help provide a mechanism behind other environmental and sociocontextual determinants of leprosy identified in prior literature that may also be associated with helminth infection such as poverty, and poor sanitation (Xxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx et al., 2017; Xxxxxx-Xxxxx et al., 2015; Xxxxxxx & X. Xxxxxx, 2014; Xxxx-Xxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxx et al., 2013; Xxxxx et al., 2015). Hyperendemic areas for leprosy have already been shown to be correlated with schistosomiasis endemic areas (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2017). These findings support evidence that immune dysregulation due to schistosomiasis infection may play a role in the formation of these high leprosy incidence areas (X. X. Xxxxx et al., 2010). Immune dysregulation caused by schistosomiasis may also help explain how some people seem to be far more vulnerable to leprosy, with only 5-10% of people exposed contracting the disease (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2011). Establishing helminths as a risk factor for leprosy also has the potential to aid in leprosy elimination efforts. In 2016, the World Health Organization launched its most recent leprosy elimination campaign the Global Leprosy Strategy 2016-2020 (WHO, 2019a). Targets of the intervention include zero prevalence of disabilities in pediatric leprosy incident cases and a grade-2 disability rate below 1 in 1 million people (WHO, 2019a). The strategy calls for severa...

Implications and Recommendations. Due to the need to increase consistent condom use among African American adolescent females, future studies and interventions need to assess how changes in self- esteem, specifically from low to high levels, affect adoption of preventive behaviors. Drawing upon the current literature and the marginally significant findings of this thesis, it is hypothesized that as levels of self-esteem increase, so will self-efficacy in correlation with confidence, enabling youth in this population to self-regulate consistent condom use as they gain the ability to initiate partner communication and equalize power differences within relationships. Because many adolescents are already aware of the lower sexual risk that comes with proper condom usage (i.e. it’s not an innovative concept), specific attention should be paid to building skills and changing outcomes expectancies, both personal and societal. While limitations are recognized regarding feasibility and time constraints of intervention sessions, solely focusing on bolstering communication strategies and skills may not effectively change behavior if the assertiveness to initiate conversation is rooted in a deeper issue – such as negative self-perception. This requires intervening on multiple levels in order to change not only individual behaviors, but also the normative beliefs of entire social and community networks. For example, self-regulation and social norms should be targeted by promoting positive self-image and encouraging adolescents to make personal commitments to valuing their rights in sexual decision-making without pressures from external persons or cues. This should be aided through the social support of parents, peers, and organizations. These support systems ought to be based on longevity in order to sustain consistent use of condoms and prevent relapses of negative self-image, lower sexual assertiveness, and infrequent partner communication. Building upon the existing data, further studies should examine the psychological factors that affect behavioral decisions behind consistent condom use. In particular, these studies should consider the interplay that gender power imbalance has on the lack of partner communication and the role that female sexual assertiveness has on negotiation initiation. Specifically, they should aim to identify how lower levels of self-esteem, over other associated risk factors, contributes to a lack of sexual assertiveness causing infrequent partner communication and therefore ...

Implications and Recommendations. This study shows that there is a definite need for additional research on alternative tobacco products outside of cigarettes. The unknown effects of these products could be putting millions of people at risk, especially with the increase in popularity of all of these products. This study can lay the foundation for strategies in research, interventions, and tobacco cessation programs. This will give the public health field a chance to develop preventative health tactics from the results of future research. It is the duty of the public health field to educate the public about the benefits or risks that come with using one or more of these products. This study or similar studies should be conducted around the country to gauge the varying knowledge and attitudes of providers outside of Georgia and the southeast region of the United States. The culture here is very different than that of the Pacific Northwest, for example. In addition, it would be interesting to see the opinions of providers in the states and regions where marijuana is not legal. This could offer a great incite into what they have seen in their patient populations. Also, introducing focus groups to these types of studies could offer a great dialogue between healthcare providers. It would also be an asset if more nurses, physician’s assistants, and other allied health providers are included in future studies because sometimes they spend more time and interact more with the patients. Different perspectives can offer a lot to tobacco studies. Another recommendation is to introduce longitudinal studies with people who are using these products either consistently or occasionally to monitor the health effects. The results of these types of studies could inform the healthcare community on how to address this issue and if there will be adverse health effects. Leaving the healthcare providers in the dark about the subject is not an option.

Implications and Recommendations. Behavioral science research should focus on performing a comprehensive assessment of differences between differing trajectories of smoking when conducting formative research. Furthermore, behavioral scientists should use research on differences between individuals representing varying trajectories of smoking to develop tailored interventions to each group that can assist in the transition of smoking to cessation. Future research on this topic should focus on recruiting larger samples from multiple sites in the U.S. in order to obtain participants that would be representative of the U.S. college student population. Furthermore, future research should explore other methods of recruitment, such as in-person, telephone, or recruitment through university administrators, that may result in higher response rates. Lastly, future research should aim to examine different trajectories of smoking among nontraditional young adult populations such as non-college student populations that may have less access to tobacco-related health education. ACHA. (2008). American College Health Association: National College Health Assessment Spring 2007 Reference Group Data Report (Abridged). Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 469-479. doi:10.3200/XXXX.56.5.469-480 ACHA. (2009). American College Health Association: National College Health Assessment Spring 2008 Reference Group Data Report (Abridged). Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 477-488. Retrieved from xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx/docs/JACH_March_2009_SP08_Ref_Grp.pdf Xxxxxxxxx, X. (1999). Nicotine metabolism variability and nicotine addiction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1 Suppl 2, S59-62; discussion S69-70. doi:10.1080/14622299050011821 Xxxxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxxxx, L. A. (1999). Smoke constituent exposure and stage of change in black and white women cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 115-120. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00031-8 Xxxxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxxxx, B. E. (2004). Menthol pharmacology and its potential impact on cigarette smoking behavior. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6 Suppl 1, S17-28. doi:10.1080/14622200310001649469 Xxxxxx, X., & Xxxx, X. X. (2004). Convergent and concurrent validity of the Contemplation Ladder and XXXXX xxxxxx. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73(3), 301-306. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.11.005 Xx, L. C., Xxxx, X. X., Xxxxx, X. X., Xxxxx, X. X., Xxxxxx, X. X., Xxx, X., et al. (2009). Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers. Xx, L. C., Xxxxxxxxx, X...

Implications and Recommendations. The findings in the current study suggest several courses of action. First, it was reported that leadership styles have no impact on teachers’ occupational well-being. This suggests that schools are recommended to adopt more inclusive and supportive leadership styles. The possible measures could include offering training for school administration on the introduction and benefits of participatory decision-making. Next, given the fact that teachers reported low levels of mental health it is recommended to introduce continuous professional development programs that would focus on coping strategies for dealing with stress. Workshops and training sessions that enhance teachers’ skills in managing classroom stress and maintaining personal well-being should be integrated into their professional development. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of the predictive power of occupational well-being on teacher turnover intentions, including both attrition and migration. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct surveys to focus on identifying early indicators of stress among teachers to develop proactive measures for teacher retention.

Implications and Recommendations. This work has critical implications for public health, specifically maternal health equity, and can inform policies, programs, and future research around doula care. Improving maternal health outcomes and reducing disparities are essential to upgrading overall community health and have far-reaching opportunities by bettering the lives of children from a young age. Through supporting doulas in rural populations, public health can positively affect multiple generations at once. One of the first recommendations based on this work is the need for doulas to be affordable by the most socioeconomically disadvantaged community members—whether by covering and reimbursing doula care by Medicaid or another mechanism. By covering doula care for pregnant people living on low incomes, doulas will be able to sustainably serve those communities and their clients at highest risk of poor maternal and child health outcomes will have access to these health-protective services. For future research, the public health community could investigate the benefits rural- serving doulas can have in other states. By doing rural research in different states, more information will be understood about how doulas serving these populations are resilient in supporting their clients to the best of their ability. Additionally, further work can look at birth- keepers, by doing qualitative work around their experiences with the medical system and then their experiences with home birth in rural situations. Other states may have these individuals who have removed themselves from the medical system for different reasons and understanding their thinking around home birth can be beneficial to creating positive birthing experiences. There are multiple opportunities for improving public health practice, both in the community and in hospitals. Rural-serving doulas could potentially benefit from cross-training in childbirth education, to better serve their clients. Additionally, extending training and mentorship opportunities to doulas who live in rural areas is essential to the labor support workforce. Future training for all doulas should include more information about the special needs and challenges of serving rural clients. Hospitals can be more supportive of birth centers, as well as training their own volunteer doulas, which will give the hospital the opportunity to see how helpful these people can be for their nurses and their patient outcomes. Providers can benefit from the work that doulas do, b...