Implications and Recommendations Clause Samples

Implications and Recommendations. This section of the report is used to detail the implications of this study’s findings on girls MHM needs and provide recommendations that SC should take to address girls’ MHM needs better. The implications are organized by the three evaluation objectives, focusing on the education component, skill component and school WASH Facilities.

Implications and Recommendations. In a world where research is starting to suggest that adolescent girls in India may disproportionately bear the burden of emerging obesity, more nuanced examinations are needed of the social and environmental factors that influence this phenomenon (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2012; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2013; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2012; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006). Obesity can be a dramatic health burden, especially for adolescents still undergoing physical and cognitive development. It can lead to health issues that persist later in life, which can increase economic and social costs for communities as obesity and chronic disease-related morbidity increases care and pharmaceutical costs and reduces the benefit an individual can provide to their society. As an issue that has only recently emerged in India, girls’ potentially unequal burden of obesity needs to be addressed and mitigated before it intensifies. This study is a good step by providing preliminary evidence that certain socio-contextual determinants like friend encouragement and availability of sports equipment are significantly impacting girls’ ability to be physically active, a behavior that can aid in obesity prevention. This study also supports the application of Social Cognitive Theory to research on adolescent physical activity and gender in India, which is a tremendous gap in current literature. Research on this issue using a theoretical framework can help orient interventions to be more effective. With a better understanding of the interplay of person-level and environment- level constructs, public health officials can devise programs to target these constructs. Initial findings from this study have helped quantify the negative influence of some socio-contextual factors on the physical activity behavior of girls versus their boy peers, and should be motivation for further exploration into this topic using a greater number of theory-oriented indicators. General recommendations for future research include analyzing the influence of socio- contextual determinants on a more comprehensive measure of physical activity, as described above. In addition, an assessment of the impact of cultural beliefs about appropriate behavior for girls and boys on obesity prevention behaviors could illuminate other influences at play beyond the variables utilized in this study. Creating a survey instrument focused specifically on these and other socio-contextual determinants of physical activity and implementing it in multiple regions of India would ...

Implications and Recommendations. Even with its deep history, there are still many unknowns on the continued transmission of leprosy around the world. This slow growing bacterium continues to infect individuals of all ages and there is a need for increased awareness and research into the continued transmission. As previously mentioned, there is not a lot of research regarding continued transmission factors for leprosy infection in the current endemic areas of the world. Select studies have shown that there is an association between poverty and leprosy infection, but the exact associations remain unclear. This particular case control study adds to the current body of literature that investigates the potential risk factors for leprosy transmission and may explain in part poverty-related associations. This study helps to increase the body of knowledge on potential associations between parasitic worm infections and leprosy as well as micronutrient deficiencies and leprosy. Future studies and continued research in leprosy transmission factors should include case control studies as well as cohorts with large enough sample sizes to further investigate associations between certain risk factors like poverty and micronutrient deficiencies and leprosy infection. The effects of leprosy on the human immune system are intricate and still being researched today. With it being impossible to grow the bacterium in a laboratory setting, research is difficult to conduct on an immunological scale. Even though culturing the bacterium is impossible to do in a laboratory setting, continuing to study and further understand the effects of leprosy infection on the immune system would help to determine whether or not leprosy infection suppresses the immune system and makes it more susceptible to schistosomiasis co- infection, or vice versa. In reviewing the literature on leprosy infections in endemic areas of the world as well as the results from this particular case control study, it is apparent that leprosy transmission is still occurring and that there is a need for continued research. With the associations seen between schistosomiasis infection and leprosy, control efforts in both of these infections combined could decrease the burden of both diseases and would be a cost-effective way to address these infections. Research into the transmission factors of leprosy with larger studies would help to determine ways in which to better diagnose patients through early detection mechanisms and ways in which contacts of ca...

Implications and Recommendations. Due to the need to increase consistent condom use among African American adolescent females, future studies and interventions need to assess how changes in self- esteem, specifically from low to high levels, affect adoption of preventive behaviors. Drawing upon the current literature and the marginally significant findings of this thesis, it is hypothesized that as levels of self-esteem increase, so will self-efficacy in correlation with confidence, enabling youth in this population to self-regulate consistent condom use as they gain the ability to initiate partner communication and equalize power differences within relationships. Because many adolescents are already aware of the lower sexual risk that comes with proper condom usage (i.e. it’s not an innovative concept), specific attention should be paid to building skills and changing outcomes expectancies, both personal and societal. While limitations are recognized regarding feasibility and time constraints of intervention sessions, solely focusing on bolstering communication strategies and skills may not effectively change behavior if the assertiveness to initiate conversation is rooted in a deeper issue – such as negative self-perception. This requires intervening on multiple levels in order to change not only individual behaviors, but also the normative beliefs of entire social and community networks. For example, self-regulation and social norms should be targeted by promoting positive self-image and encouraging adolescents to make personal commitments to valuing their rights in sexual decision-making without pressures from external persons or cues. This should be aided through the social support of parents, peers, and organizations. These support systems ought to be based on longevity in order to sustain consistent use of condoms and prevent relapses of negative self-image, lower sexual assertiveness, and infrequent partner communication. Building upon the existing data, further studies should examine the psychological factors that affect behavioral decisions behind consistent condom use. In particular, these studies should consider the interplay that gender power imbalance has on the lack of partner communication and the role that female sexual assertiveness has on negotiation initiation. Specifically, they should aim to identify how lower levels of self-esteem, over other associated risk factors, contributes to a lack of sexual assertiveness causing infrequent partner communication and therefore ...

Implications and Recommendations. Maternal health characteristics and mental disorders have long been assessed, and results have consistently shown these characteristics are linked to these disorders. Specifically, multiple studies have shown an increased risk for symptoms of psychopathology in children who were born with low or very low birth weights.2,40,41 Additionally, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. found in a population-based prospective cohort study that maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was linked to child inattention symptoms in Sweden.42 Further, an Australian-based birth cohort study found that there was a robust association between increased risk of alcohol use disorders and early weaning.43 Even breastfeeding has been associated with low levels of conduct disorder symptoms.33 Few published studies were found in the literature assessing breastfeeding and ADHD specifically, but of those that were uncovered, they all had dissimilar results to the present analysis. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. used population-based cohort data to assess the association between breastfeeding and attention behavior in 400 young children (aged 4) in Spain. This study found breastfeeding to be associated with a lower risk of developing ADHD symptoms (relative risk of 0.56; 95% confidence interval 0.37-0.85 for 12-20 weeks of breastfeeding).34 ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. controlled for birth weight, maternal social class, education level and smoking habits, all which were associated with duration of breastfeeding. The study type, the age of participants as well as the number of children included in the study may contribute to the differences in results from the present study. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ et al. studied breastfeeding and ADHD symptoms in 100 children 4 to 11 years of age in Poland in a case-control study. The results indicate that a short duration of breastfeeding may be considered a risk factor for developing ADHD symptoms as the duration of breastfeeding was significantly greater in the in the control group (0.55 years) as compared with those that had ADHD symptoms (0.44 years; p<0.04).35 Additionally, 60% compared with 32.5% of children with ADHD and without ADHD, respectively, were breastfed for less than 3 months (p<0.05). Even though the population for this study was only 100 children, it evaluated children slightly older than the present study, which may contribute to the differing results. While breastfeeding has been linked to many health benefits in children, no published studies conducted in the U.S. have evaluated the relationship bet...

Implications and Recommendations. Given the currency of the research topic in Kazakhstan as it concerns one of the major subjects, “History of Kazakhstan” in the school curriculum and as critical thinking is one of the most commonly discussed educational competencies in contemporary times, the research findings have contributed to current knowledge and understanding of the implementation of the History curriculum integrating critical thinking and particularly of school teachers’ perception about it and factors that influence its implementation. Additionally, the research provides new insight into the relationship between enacted curriculum and planned curriculum in the history curriculum. It is the first study conducted to identify the teachers’ conceptualization of the planned and enacted curricula in the history curriculum in the country. As alignment between the two is crucial, the research identified major misalignments and shed light on issues concerning textbooks and official curriculum documents. My study highlights several implications and recommendations for educational policymakers and schools. While politicians may acknowledge that teachers play a crucial role in the implementation of the curriculum, they should also evaluate the gap between teachers and the professional body that creates the educational curriculum. They might profit from applying the study's findings to simplify the process of adopting the new history curriculum. Most teachers participating in my study do not have a comprehensive understanding of the nature and function of critical thinking in the historical subject matter. By setting up professional development courses that are specifically focused on this aspect of the new curriculum and critical thinking skills or by publishing more and better methodology and teaching guides and handbooks with effective implementation guidelines and instructions on the embedding of critical thinking skills, policymakers can assist teachers in greater understanding how to integrate critical thinking in the history subject. The availability of additional teaching resources, such as lesson plans and teacher manuals, may also be advantageous to teachers, as according to my findings, there appears to be a lack of resources and methodological materials which become a hindrance for teachers. Moreover, in order to make the curriculum of History of Kazakhstan more relevant to the academic level of mainstream pupils, policymakers may also need to make significant changes to the conten...

Implications and Recommendations. This study shows that there is a definite need for additional research on alternative tobacco products outside of cigarettes. The unknown effects of these products could be putting millions of people at risk, especially with the increase in popularity of all of these products. This study can lay the foundation for strategies in research, interventions, and tobacco cessation programs. This will give the public health field a chance to develop preventative health tactics from the results of future research. It is the duty of the public health field to educate the public about the benefits or risks that come with using one or more of these products. This study or similar studies should be conducted around the country to gauge the varying knowledge and attitudes of providers outside of Georgia and the southeast region of the United States. The culture here is very different than that of the Pacific Northwest, for example. In addition, it would be interesting to see the opinions of providers in the states and regions where marijuana is not legal. This could offer a great incite into what they have seen in their patient populations. Also, introducing focus groups to these types of studies could offer a great dialogue between healthcare providers. It would also be an asset if more nurses, physician’s assistants, and other allied health providers are included in future studies because sometimes they spend more time and interact more with the patients. Different perspectives can offer a lot to tobacco studies. Another recommendation is to introduce longitudinal studies with people who are using these products either consistently or occasionally to monitor the health effects. The results of these types of studies could inform the healthcare community on how to address this issue and if there will be adverse health effects. Leaving the healthcare providers in the dark about the subject is not an option.

Implications and Recommendations. Public health officials have identified the need for advancing electronic reporting of reportable conditions for years through various initiatives. Utilizing existing systems of electronic reporting and adding additional layers of analysis can enhance electronic reporting efforts. The additional recommended layer is, to include the process of evaluation of the completeness of LOINC® trigger codes in the RCTC for Jurisdiction reportable conditions (Chlamydia, Pertussis, Salmonellosis, and Gonorrhea) by comparing them against codes currently in use by reference labs, public health labs, and clinical labs. The eCR initiative is an ongoing project and the RCTC volume will go up gradually as each reportable condition is added. The recommendation for future efforts would be to incorporate the evaluation and validation of all trigger codes (listed in RCTC guidelines) for reportable conditions. Future projects should include public health labs, and more clinical labs in addition to the national reference laboratories included in this study. The validation process is not a one-time effort, it should be an ongoing process, and since the use of LOINC® codes will continue to increase, it means each institution needs a process to maintain their local LOINC® mappings. The reference laboratories often conduct rare tests that hospital clinical labs do not conduct so there will always be new LOINC® codes to be included. For example now there is a new test for ▇▇▇▇ virus that might have new LOINC® codes assigned along with SNOMED-CT and ICD-10 to it. The recommendation is to keep the RCTC and eCR flexible and up-to-date to accommodate the LOINC® codes used for upcoming new lab tests. Since the study could not validate the public health lab and clinical lab trigger codes, extending this research would be beneficial for to examine the completeness of trigger codes. The study recommendation from a process standpoint is that the LOINC® codes should be an integral part of EHR - Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) portal to facilitate the triggering of the first case encounter. Other recommendations would be to map local codes used by clinical laboratories for lab results reporting to SNOMED codes to facilitate trigger coding at the EHR. The study was conducted on smaller dataset (1080 records) for 4 piloted reportable conditions, and the study was still able to find significant findings in discrepancies between LOINC® codes used within 4 national reference labs and clinica...

Implications and Recommendations. This work has critical implications for public health, specifically maternal health equity, and can inform policies, programs, and future research around doula care. Improving maternal health outcomes and reducing disparities are essential to upgrading overall community health and have far-reaching opportunities by bettering the lives of children from a young age. Through supporting doulas in rural populations, public health can positively affect multiple generations at once. One of the first recommendations based on this work is the need for doulas to be affordable by the most socioeconomically disadvantaged community members—whether by covering and reimbursing doula care by Medicaid or another mechanism. By covering doula care for pregnant people living on low incomes, doulas will be able to sustainably serve those communities and their clients at highest risk of poor maternal and child health outcomes will have access to these health-protective services. For future research, the public health community could investigate the benefits rural- serving doulas can have in other states. By doing rural research in different states, more information will be understood about how doulas serving these populations are resilient in supporting their clients to the best of their ability. Additionally, further work can look at birth- keepers, by doing qualitative work around their experiences with the medical system and then their experiences with home birth in rural situations. Other states may have these individuals who have removed themselves from the medical system for different reasons and understanding their thinking around home birth can be beneficial to creating positive birthing experiences. There are multiple opportunities for improving public health practice, both in the community and in hospitals. Rural-serving doulas could potentially benefit from cross-training in childbirth education, to better serve their clients. Additionally, extending training and mentorship opportunities to doulas who live in rural areas is essential to the labor support workforce. Future training for all doulas should include more information about the special needs and challenges of serving rural clients. Hospitals can be more supportive of birth centers, as well as training their own volunteer doulas, which will give the hospital the opportunity to see how helpful these people can be for their nurses and their patient outcomes. Providers can benefit from the work that doulas do, b...