General Introduction. This Scope of Work provides an overall description of Contractor’s responsibilities for the design, engineering, procurement, manufacture, management, construction, installation, testing, commissioning, Start Up, initial operations, and Performance Testing of the Stage 2 Liquefaction Facility. All obligations and responsibilities referred to in this Attachment A are Contractor’s obligations and responsibilities, unless expressly stated to be the obligation of Owner or a third Person.
General Introduction. This Scope of Work provides an overall description of Contractor’s responsibilities for the design, engineering, procurement, manufacture, management, construction, installation, testing, commissioning, Start Up, initial operations, and Performance Testing, of the Liquefaction Facility and certain modifications and improvements to the Existing Facility. The Site is located off Gulf Beach Highway 82 on 853 acres of land along the Sabine Pass Navigation Channel on the border between Texas and Louisiana, in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, as further defined in Attachment Y. Located within the Site boundaries are Existing Facility’s marine facilities designed to load and unload LNG carriers located on the Sabine Pass Navigation Channel, 3.7 nautical miles from the open water and 23 nautical miles from the outer buoy. All obligations and responsibilities referred to in this Attachment A are Contractor’s obligations and responsibilities, unless expressly stated to be the obligation of Owner or a third Person.
General Introduction. This Scope of Work provides an overall description of Contractor’s responsibilities for the design, engineering, procurement, manufacture, management, construction, installation, testing, commissioning, Start Up, initial operations, and Performance Testing, of the Stage 2 Liquefaction Facility and certain modifications and improvements to the Existing Facility and Stage 1 Liquefaction Facility. The Site is located off Gulf Beach Highway 82 on 853 acres of land along the Sabine Pass Navigation Channel on the border between Texas and Louisiana, in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, as further defined in Attachment Y. Located within the Site boundaries are Existing Facility’s marine facilities designed to load and unload LNG carriers located on the Sabine Pass Navigation Channel, 3.7 nautical miles from the open water and 23 nautical miles from the outer buoy. All obligations and responsibilities referred to in this Attachment A are Contractor’s obligations and responsibilities, unless expressly stated to be the obligation of Owner or a third Person.
General Introduction. 1.1 The Chief Procurement Officer for the Department of General Services (“Department”), Bureau of Procurement, is issuing these contract compliance review guidelines.
General Introduction. The principal aim of this book is to study three important construction rituals of the Hindu tradition: the laying of the first stones, the placing of the consecration deposit and the placing of the crowning bricks. These rituals are described in numerous Sanskrit texts on architecture and religion, which date from ca. 7th to 16th centuries AD.1 It is therefore hardly surprising that the present study is based mainly on textual sources. The chief source is the Kâśyapaśilpa, a South Indian treatise on art and architecture and ritual, written in Sanskrit, usually dated 11th – 12th century AD. Three chapters from the Kâśyapaśilpa, which deal with the three construction rituals mentioned above, have been critically edited, translated and provided with a commentary (see Chapter 4). For this purpose, unpublished manuscripts of the Kâśyapaśilpa were collected in various Southern Indian libraries. In order to place the three chapters of the Kâśyapaśilpa in a broader context, the descriptions of the construction rituals given by cognate texts, some of them still unpublished, have also been studied (see Chapter 5). The construction rites play an important role in Sanskrit texts on ritual and architecture. Nevertheless, this topic has thus far largely been neglected by scholars. This is particularly striking in view of the numerous publications, which have appeared on the outer appearance of temples, the technical aspects of temple building and temple worship. With the exception of Xxxxxxxxx (1946), whose interpretations should be treated with caution (see, for example, Chapter 6 note 12), there has never been an attempt to study the construction rituals as a whole and to explain their function and meaning. For those who want to arrive at an understanding of the construction rituals, textual sources alone are not sufficient. The texts are mainly technical treatises, which provide only a very limited interpretation for the actions they describe. Moreover, for the questions about the relation between the textual data and practice the answer has to be sought outside the textual sources. Have rituals, such as those described by the Kâśyapaśilpa and the related works, ever been performed? And if so, were the rituals performed according to the textual prescriptions?
General Introduction. The studies presented in this thesis stem from an interest in Roma’s fate which entails a challenge of immense practical importance. Negative attitudes towards the Roma have been a common denominator of widespread rejection, exclusion and outright hostility that marked the eight-century-long Roma history in Europe (Crowe, 2008). In recent years, an increasing ethnic mobility within the European Union enabled the Roma to travel from one country to another to escape discrimination and search for a better life (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2009). Most of Roma, however, remain excluded from the mainstream population, and face continued poverty and discrimination (Kostadinova, 2011). The goal of this dissertation is to provide an insight into social-psychological mechanisms that underlie this appalling situation of European Roma. We refer to negative attitudes towards the Roma as Romaphobia1. Like other type of outgroup attitudes, Xxxxxxxxxx reflects negative emotions associated with group membership,
General Introduction. Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to those who need it to take action in order to prevent or control disease.1 In the context of infectious disease, surveillance is essential for the detection of outbreaks, enabling rapid investigation, pathogen identification, and response.2 Other reasons for monitoring infectious diseases are establishing baseline disease rates, identify new emerging infections, monitor impact and effectiveness of healthcare interventions, guide research and clinical management and communication with the public and media.3,4 The available surveillance pyramid for respiratory infections in the Netherlands consists of multiple layers, among which the top and the base are well-covered with monitoring of all-cause mortality by National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) based on data from Statistics Netherlands, influenza-like illness (ILI), and clinically diagnosed pneumonia in primary care (figure 1).5 Surveillance in secondary care of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in patients requiring hospitalisation is an important missing link in the current respiratory surveillance system. Community-acquired pneumonia, as a typical presentation of SARI frequently requiring hospitalisation, has a high burden of disease worldwide.6,7 If data on the occurrence and causes of SARI are unavailable on real-time basis, an increase in SARI incidence may go unnoticed. A real-time SARI surveillance system would provide essential data on the severity of the epidemic in time, place, causative pathogen, and person, and guide timely public health action. Mortality monitoring SARI surveillance Secondary care Pneumonia surveillance ARI surveillance ILI surveillance Primary care
General Introduction. Table 1.2. Studies that have examined the relationship between helminths and auto-immune diseases. Model * Helminth Antigen Outcome Ref. Auto-immune diseases and helminths Human Human + Trichuris suis Infection Amelioration of Crohn’s disease [77] Human + Trichuris suis Infection Reduced ulcerative colitis [79] Rat Wistar + Schistosoma mansoni Infection Reduced duration of colitis [74] Mouse NOD + Schistosoma mansoni Infection of ova treatment Inhibition of development of type I diabetes [72] NOD + Schistosoma mansoni Egg treatment or egg or worm derived proteins Inhibition of development of type I diabetes [73] C57BL/6J + Schistosoma mansoni Infection Suppression of symptoms of type I diabetes [80] NOD + Dirofilaria immitis Recombinant antigen Inhibition of development of type I diabetes [81] IL-10 deficient C57BL/6 + Heligmosomoides polygyrus Infection or transfer of MLN from infected mice Suppression of established colitis [82] BALB/c + Schistosoma mansoni Egg treatment Inhibition of development of colitis [83] BALB/c + Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Suppression of symptoms of colitis [84] C57BL/6 + Trichinella spiralis Infection Reduction of severity of colitis [75] C57BL/6J + Schistosoma mansoni Infection (but not ova treatment) Reduced induction and progression of EAE [85] SJL,C57BL/6 + Schistosoma mansoni Ova treatment Reduction of severity of EAE [85] BALB/c + Schistosoma mansoni Infection (but also αGalCer) Xxxxxx’ hyperthyroidism [86] DBA/1 + Acanthocheilonema viteae Secreted protein ES-62 Reduced initiation, progression and severity of collagen induced arthritis [87] * effect of helminths is beneficial for the host with respect to the effect on the auto-immune disease (+) In general the effects of helminths on autoimmune diseases are consistent (table 1.2), showing that these parasites can protect a host from developing autoimmune disease and/or can relieve symptoms of established autoimmune inflammation. In the modulation of autoimmune diseases by helminths both the generation of a Th2 environment as well as the immunomodulation might be beneficial. Molecular mechanisms of immune modulation by helminths Introduction Effects of parasitic helminths on the host immune response have been studied extensively as described above. In several models, it has been shown that these infections lead to the generation of Th2 responses as well as anti-inflammatory/regulatory responses. However, the molecular immunological pathways that induce these Th2 or re...
General Introduction. In the following sections, there will be a focus on what is known about the modulation of dendritic cell function by helminths and helminth derived molecules, which may be involved in triggering of Th2 and/or regulatory T cell responses by these cells. Helminths and their products can modify DCs in different ways ranging from influencing the DC maturation status to affecting the downstream signalling within the DCs. Helminths and maturation status of dendritic cells One of the differences found between DCs that induce a Th1 response (DC1), DCs inducing a Th2 response (DC2) and DCs inducing tolerance or regulatory T cells (DCreg) is their activation status. In DC1, there is often a high expression of the maturation marker, CD83, as well as increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86. When these DCs encounter naïve T cells, they induce strong Th1 responses. However, when stimuli that are associated with a Th2 response are considered, they are often less strong inducers of DC maturation. For example, soluble egg antigens of S. mansoni (SEA), strong inducers of Th2 responses in vivo, when incubated with murine DCs in vitro, do not lead to strong maturation of these cells, but do lead to the development of Th2 responses when they encounter T cells [90]. Partial upregulation of some markers associated with maturation, have been seen with excretory/secretory proteins of a parasitic nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (NES) an infection associated with a Th2 immune skewing. Here CD86, CD40 and OX40L were upregulated compared to medium, but no increase in CD80 or MHC class II molecules was found [91]. Similarly, products released by schistosome larvae did upregulate MHC class II, CD40 and CD86, but to a lower extent than a Th1 stimulus, and in addition CD80 and OX40L were not upregulated [92]. In human DC experiments, in vitro maturation of DCs in the presence of some Th2 inducing stimuli, such as an ascaris derived phosphatidylserine fraction (ascaris PS), results in a partial reduction of CD83 expression compared to DCs matured in the absence of ascaris PS, suggesting that this Th2 stimulus may inhibit DC maturation (Xxx Xxxx et al., unpublished results). Next to these antigen mixtures also little upregulation of DC maturation markers was seen in DCs stimulated with the glycoconjugate lacto-N- fucopentaose III (LNFPIII), expressed on molecules present in SEA [93]. When injected into mice, LNFPIII stimulates an immune response dominat...
General Introduction. Hemophilia Hemophilia is a hereditary clotting disorder which is caused by a deficiency of factor VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). In the Netherlands the prevalence is around 10 per 100,000, resulting in about 1600 patients1. The severity of the disease is determined by the residual clotting factor activity. Patients with mild hemophilia (>0.05-0.40 IU/ml) show little spontaneous bleeding and bleed excessively only after major trauma; patients with moderate hemophilia (0.01-0.05 IU/ml) may show excessive hemorrhages after minor trauma, while severe hemophilia (<0.01 IU/ml) is characterized by major bleeding occurring spontaneously or after minor trauma. Frequent bleeding in joints results into damage of the synovial tissue and arthropathy. Hemophilia is a genetic recessive X-linked trait and therefore patients are mostly men. Female family members can be carriers of the disorder, which is characterized by a 25% chance of having a son with hemophilia, and a decreased clotting factor activity level.
