Further Research. (a) Investigators shall be free at any time to seek and accept funding for any research in the Field, from any state or federal agency, private or public foundation except foundations owned or operated by a commercial entity other than Palomar (“Non-Profit Sponsored Study”). In the event that during the term of this Agreement an Investigator makes an invention in the Field and in the performance of any Non-Profit Funded Study, General agrees to give Palomar prompt notice of said invention and to give Palomar an opportunity to negotiate an exclusive license under General’s rights in said invention assigned to General by an Investigator, it being understood that General shall have no obligation to enter into such a license with Palomar.
Further Research. Further analysis could also be done with this data to better understand latrine aspects that drive latrine use among men and among women, as drivers of use may vary by gender. Additionally, the level of statistical significance associated with partitioning could be changed to be less conservative. This would result in a much larger tree that may reveal more latrine factors and combinations that are associated with a latrine being in use though large trees become increasingly difficult to interpret. Other opportunities for further research include conducting qualitative or quantitative evaluations on the impact of lights inside of latrines and tiled floors on latrine use. These two improvements were notable in both the multivariate analysis and CIT though there is currently little published research regarding their effects on latrine use.
Further Research. The story of the proposed κ statistic is not finished by publishing this preprint. First, the publication of an R package is envisioned containing ready-to-use functions to calculate all described measures. Such a package would allow researchers without an overly statistical background to use the measure in their research and can greatly facilitate the adoption of the proposed measure. In addition, more can be told about the proposed measure. Based on Xx Xxxxx et al. (2008), we envision publishing the simulation study to show that our proposed kappa statistic exhibits smaller root-mean-square errors than taking a weighted average of Fleiss’ kappas. Moreover, the large-sample variance of the proposed κ statistic still needs to be determined. An expression for the variance would enable statistical inference using the measure without bootstrapping. It especially paves the way for performing robust power analysis: researchers wishing to set up an experiment in which raters classify subjects into one-or-more categories would be able to calculate in advance the number of raters and subjects required to reach a certain confidence level. Finding the large-sample variance of our proposed κ statistic is by no means an easy quest: it took the scientific community 50 years to develop a general expression for the Fleiss’ kappa! Indeed, it was Gwet (2021) who finally came up with a correct formula for the variance of the Fleiss’ kappa. The variance described in Fleiss (1971) is simply wrong; the standard error of Xxxxxx et al. (1979) is valid only under the assumption of no agreement among raters; as such, it can only be used to test the hypothesis of zero agreement among the raters. Unfortunately, as many statistical software programs provide the standard error of Fleiss et al. (1979) along with the calculation of Fleiss’ kappa, it is immensely misused for all kinds of statistical inference. Let us avoid making the same mistakes when searching a large-sample variance of our proposed measure that presumably entails a generalisation of the formula found by Xxxx (2021). To conclude: now that we have established the idea of the proposed κ statistic, the same idea may be suitable to create other long-needed measures. For example, the literature on rubrics (Xxxxxx, 2017) lacks a unified way to compare the inter-rater reliability of two rubrics assessing the same phenomenon (e.g. book reviews of students, PhD proposals). Should such a measure exists, it would be possible to c...
Further Research. My measurement of compliance is not perfect and some political scientists have measured compliance in other ways. Wettestad (2002 as cited in Xxxxxxxxx and Kostadinova 2005) concluded that the Helsinki Protocol had caused compliance based on the significant policy changes in ratifying countries. So perhaps quantifying climate related policy changes would be a good measure of compliance. Another, perhaps more convincing, method comes from Xxxxxxx, Sandler and Xxxxxxx (1997 as cited in Xxxxxxxxx and Kostadinova 2005) who used a spatial autoregressive model to determine that emission levels were indeed lower than what would have been expected if the Helsinki Protocol were absent. Helm and Sprinz (2000 as cited in Xxxxxxxxx and Kostadinova 2005) also concluded the Helsinki Protocol to be effective. They went about this by reasoning from the counterfactual, as suggested by Xxxxxxx. First, they used experts to estimate levels of sulfur dioxide emission under complete compliance with the treaty and then under conditions of zero compliance with the treaty. They reasoned from the results that there was indeed a significant decrease in emissions due to the Helsinki Protocol. There are a few variables that I would have liked to have tested and could possibly improve my model the future. One such variable would be federalism. Countries with federalism spread the power of government over smaller decentralized units instead of a central authority. According to Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxx this should make it more difficult to enact environmental rules because these smaller authorities are more limited in reach and power (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 1998). It is also possible that the smaller subregions have special interests that could be contrary to the country as a whole. For example, if one region was rich in coal and generated a lot of carbon emissions it is not difficult to conceive it not wanting to curb the use of this resource. And in a federalist system there might be a lack of adequate power to force that region to comply. Another variable also examined by Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxx is how strict the punishments are for not following environmental laws. The US has some of the strictest laws of any of the countries I examined. Environmental violations in the US can result in not just fines but serious prison time. Fines can also be huge, for example Exxon was levied a 100 million dollar fine for the Exxon Xxxxxx spill and agreed in a civil settlement to pay 1.1 billion dollars to restore...
Further Research. Further research continues to develop the ESST account in Estonia. This involves improving the methodology to the potential automatization of certain parts of the ESST account. Cooperation with Statistics Netherlands is set to continue – especially on the topic of automatization and switching to R programming language. Some key points for moving forwards are listed below.
Further Research. 4.1. If the Client proceeds with the Technology Licence, CSIRO and the Client will enter into discussions in good faith to determine whether CSIRO can perform any further research and development work for the Client relating to the use of the DSX Technology.
Further Research. 2.1. The Company hereby undertakes to finance performance of the Further Research in accordance with the Further Research Program or any amendment thereof, and subject to the terms of section 2.4 hereunder.
Further Research. This study is an early step in the application of putting human trafficking in a public health framework. It can be carried out by further researchers and used to determine future methods of implementing and evaluating human trafficking prevention strategies. As awareness of this issue grows across functions and specifically in the public health field, researchers will hopefully keep the priorities for public health research on human trafficking in mind and use previous research to adapt new and effective ways to implement and evaluate strategies.
Further Research. The comparison between male and female students has given quite inconclusive results. The difference in error frequency is small and could be due to the length and volume of the collected material. In a more controlled setting, or with the use of standardised tests, the variables would be fewer and the results more reliable. In a larger and more exhaustive study, the errors made by male and female students might constitute the foundation for a comparison between proficiency level, communicative competence and the teachers' assessment of the student. The differences between grades 7 and 8 are similarly difficult to discern since the texts differ so much in length and distribution. Another interesting and relevant topic for further research is how the learners' attitudes towards EFL learning and teaching affect the acquisition process. Interviews and surveys might be able to show that students who come in contact with English more in their daily lives, e.g. through online games or social media, are more inclined to learn English and therefore are more careful in producing accurate grammar. The socio-economic background of the students could be studied as well in order to find out whether the proficiency in English is affected by the learners' background, their parents occupation or what implications e.g. living in a larger urban area might have. The teachers themselves might also have some influence over how EFL learning is perceived by the students. If the teachers share the same attitudes towards grammar and if those attitudes spread to the students, it could alter the conditions for a learning environment at the school. References
Further Research. This exploration of the potential of a politico-legal analysis where ‘legal competences’ interact with intervening variables to analyse the EU and Member State coordination on sustainable development policies has brought some important insights which could lead to theory development and a broader assessment framework. The three case studies (chapter 4,5 and 6) have already set the scene with avenues for future research on the specific issues: ‘Team EU’ in UNFCCC negotiations, EU alternative fuel policies and SDG implementation across the EU and Member States. This section promotes more abstract and general ideas for further research. In the first place, this dissertation seems to show that the legal competences often do provide guidance on EU and Member State coordination in sustainable development policies. As the operationalisation of these powers has been rather broad, one could analyse whether some legal aspects have more authority than others e.g. the role of the Court of Justice or the development and evolution of Treaty provisions in practice. In addition, and interestingly, this study sheds light on particular political events in which legal aspects do not play a role and legal competences are deliberately not pushed to the limit by (especially) the European Commission. Xxx Xxxxxx (2010) found that EU competences are sometimes considered a ‘legal straightjacket’ by Member States that ‘forces them to coordinate’.641 Despite this understanding in the literature, this investigation lends support to the idea that competences are pushed more by Member States, especially to keep discretionary autonomy on e.g. financial (taxation) issues, the energy mix or land-use issues. These political battles on the division of competences, and more specifically the reasons why legal competences are habitually not used, could be the focus of further research. The finding that there are conditions in which the legal competences are used more stringently can be tested as a hypothesis for new cases. For the research to become more robust, findings of larger comparative case studies beyond sustainability policies appear to be needed, especially to reflect on mixed and shared 639 Xxx Xxxxxx, X. and Xxxxxx, S. (2012) ‘Explaining EU Activism and Impact in Global Climate Politics: Is the Union a Norm-or Interest-Driven Actor?’. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1, p. 169. 640 Oberthür, S. (2011) ‘The European Union’s performance in the international climate...
