Figure 6 Clause Examples
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Figure 6. The Top 1% of Differential Con- nections between Memory Athletes and Matched Controls Red connections depict stronger and blue con- nections depict weaker FC in memory athletes compared to controls. One hypothesis for the efficacy of mnemonic strategies in- ▇▇▇▇▇ their use of naturally evolved skills, such as visuospatial memory and navigation (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2003). In the method of loci, abstract and unrelated information units are transformed into concrete and related information patterns that can more easily be processed by memory-related brain structures, such as the hippocampus. The method of loci has been associated with hippocampal place and grid cells (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2010), which are also active during mental navigation (Bellmund et al., 2016) and have been involved in episodic memory encoding and retrieval (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2013; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2014). Brain regions critical for visuospatial memory and navigation, such as retrosplenial and hippocampal areas, are engaged during mnemonic encoding in memory athletes (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2003). Acquisition of the method of loci in novices is related to activation increases in the left hippocampal region; its use during encoding is related with increased activation in the left occipito-parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and DLPFC (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2003); and its use during recall is related with increased activation in the left parahippocampal gyrus and retrosplenial cortex (▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2005). These studies converge with our data in that the left parahippocampal gyrus and bilateral retrosplenial cortex both showed significant changes in network connectivity be- tween memory athletes and controls. We identified the right DLPFC as a hub for a number of con- nections that contributed most strongly to the transfer effect. The DLPFC is more strongly activated when information is en- coded in a more structured way, e.g., by chunking (Bor et al., 2003). In particular, the right DLPFC has been linked to the use of memory strategies: patients with right DLPFC lesions are specifically impaired when using strategies during memory tasks (Chase et al., 2008), and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right DLPFC interferes with retrieval only in users of encoding strategies (Man- enti et al., 2010). The right DLPFC shows activation increases mainly for the en- coding of visual material (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1998; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2002), particularly during encoding via visuospatial mne- monics, such as the method of loci (▇▇...
Figure 6. Model of the stress-strain-curve in the complete elastic-plastic region
Figure 6. 1 shows the prevailing winds from ESE direction smoothly pass through the site and along Fanling highway. However, for the prevailing E wind, no potential wind corridors penetrating the development site can be captured in general.
Figure 6. Maximum FEV1/FVC ratio after bronchodilation correlates with roadway proximity in this sample. The maximum FEV1/FVC ratio after bronchodilation was lower in patients who lived less than 300 meters from a major roadway with a p-value of .039 and a r-squared value of 0.023. In patients who lived less than 300 meters from a major roadway, the median value was 93.3 with a 25th percentile value of 83.4 and a 75th percentile value of 98.1. In patients who lived at least 300 meters from a major roadway, the median value was 97.1 with a 25th percentile value of 90.9 and a 75th percentile value of 103.
Figure 6. 2 shows the prevailing winds from SE and SSE directions pass through the site to ventilate the downstream areas along multiple wind corridors. No significant wind blockage can be captured along SE and SSE wind directions.
Figure 6. 4: Single-molecule lines. The laser is scanned over 10 GHz. Vg is kept at -40 V during the whole experiment. Vsd was set at 50 V during 2 minutes before starting the experiment. At t = 0, the source-drain voltage was switched off. After 1 hour, we set it to 50 V and switched it off again after 30 minutes. The first regime exhibits molecules drifting towards a new spectral position over time scales of the order of a few hours (at least). These very slow drifts cover a range exceeding 10 GHz. In contrast with this, some molecules do not show any shift of their absorption frequencies. Similar effects had been reported in a former single-molecule study on silicon carbide (SiC) [21, 22]. However, in this study, the charges were not present in the matrix (which was a Shpol’skii n-hexadecane matrix) but onto the surface of SiC, a large
Figure 6. Relative 1O2 yield in Q-depleted reaction centers from Rb. sphaeroides R26 RCs as a function of the applied magnetic field. The inset shows the same measurements made over a wider range of magnetic fields. Other conditions as in Fig 5. obtained, shown in Figure 6. It appears that a magnetic field of a few mT has a profound effect on the 1O2 yield in R26 RCs: a 50 % reduction was observed for fields of 20-100 mT and even a 10 % reduction was observed for 1 mT. The total effect of 50% corresponds closely to the reduction in 3P yield observed at similar magnetic field strengths (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1985), and can thus be ascribed to the hyperfine mechanism outlined in the introduction. The field strength needed to change the yield by one half of the final change, B1/2, is 3.9 ± 0.5 mT, which is slightly less than the B1/2-values found for the yield of 3P (4.2 mT and 5.7 mT) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1985; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1986). B I P 0.4 Absorption 0.3 0.2 0.1 Figure 7 shows the absorption spectra of RCs in oxygen-saturated buffer before and after excitation with 12,000 laser flashes (λexc= 532 nm) with and without magnetic field. The illumination has irreversibly attenuated the absorption bands at 760, 800 and 860 nm belonging to I, the accessory bacteriochlorophyll B, and P respectively, and a slight absorption increase around 680 nm has occurred. These changes are indicative of photobleaching, accompanied by disruption of the interactions between the chromophores and possibly by changes in the RC structure. They provide a measure of the extent of the photodegradation caused by 1O2 (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2001). The bleaching of the 800 nm band is about 45% smaller in a field of 15 mT than it is in zero-field. This finding corroborates the measurements shown in Fig. 6 and demonstrates directly that a relatively modest magnetic field affords substantial protection for the RC against 1O2-induced damage. Wild-type reaction centers were much more stable under these light conditions and the total photobleaching was only 15 % and no magnetic field dependence was found (data not shown). We have demonstrated that in Q-depleted RCs from Rb. sphaeroides R26 the singlet oxygen yield after laser excitation is dependent on the applied magnetic field. In time-resolved measurements a 50 % decrease of singlet oxygen yield was measured and consequently a reduced photodegradation was observed in steady-state experiments. Thus the magnetic field protects this protein from photodegradation. Just a ...
Figure 6. 6: Spectral shift of a molecule line as a function of the log of time. We previously applied different source-drain voltages for 10 minutes and measured the spectral position of the molecule during 10 minutes. We applied a gate voltage Vg=- 50 V during the whole experiment. We fitted the shift with Eq.
Figure 6. 7: The optimization trajectory leading to the best molecule produced by the fragment-based evolution. The numbers under the structures indicate their fitness score. Note that the SO3C2H3-group of the second parent molecule was modified to a SO2C2H3-group by an error in our program. This bug was later fixed. In later fitness comparisons, not much influence on fitness was found by the presence or absence of the extra oxygen atom, so this glitch will probably not have influenced evolution much. To study the differences between the atom-based and fragment-based evolution, we first gathered of each generation the maximum fitness value (the fitness of the “best” molecule) and the average fitness value. These values are plotted in Figure 6.8. Atom average Atom best Fragment average Fragment best Figure 6.8 shows that both the average fitness and the maximum fitness of the molecules in the population grow as the evolution proceeds. This means that new and better molecules are found, which implies that evolution improves upon pure selection (since pure selection would cause the average and maximum fitnesses of the later generations to approach the maximum of the first generation). However, virtual screening of a large library will also increase maximum fitness, as there is always a probability that a new molecule will improve upon the known compounds. We should therefore analyze our data further to be able to say whether evolution is truly more effective or efficient than random search. Fitting the fitnesses of the randomly generated first generation to a Gaussian (Figure 6.9) results in a best fit with mean value 36.7 and a standard deviation of 4.3. Initial population Final Fragment-based Figure 6.9: The distribution of fitness scores of the molecules of three populations fitted to Gaussians. The populations are the initial population, the atom-based population containing the highest-scoring atom-based molecule (8th atom-based generation), and the fragment-based population containing the highest-scoring fragment-based molecule (the 10th fragment- based generation). The best overall result of evolution (score=76) lies about 9 standard deviations from this average. Therefore the probability that a random search would produce a molecule with this or a higher fitness would be smaller than 10-9%. Scanning 500 molecules and getting the improvement shown in Figure 6.9 suggests that this improvement cannot be the result of a random search only. Therefore evolution seems ...
Figure 6. An example of a vignette used to similar effect as the factoid in Figure 5.