Discussion and Conclusions Sample Clauses

Discussion and Conclusions. Many countries have witnessed shifts in academic appointments such as a shift from many permanent positions for university researchers to a larger share of contingent, temporary positions, which has affected the employment conditions in academia (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006, p 323-325). The Netherlands is no exception to this trend. Fitting with this trend of more contingent careers is the shift from employed to student PhD candidates, which has taken place in several countries. Although in the Netherlands, at the time of the survey, universities had to employ PhD candidates financed through their own funds, there were also many PhD candidates who were not employed by the university, such as scholarship PhD candidates and PhD candidates doing a PhD next to a main job. Our results show that type of appointment does not significantly influence the immaterial infrastructure of PhD candidates (supervision), but does strongly negatively affect material infrastructure (financial situation and office facilities). Considering the fact that most of the externals in our sample are funded through scholarships and not through other employment, it is likely that these are PhD candidates who work full-time on their PhD. In this light, it is especially remarkable that many important aspects of research infrastructure are not available to so many of them.7 In addition, externals who do have access to at least some office facilities, are less satisfied with them. Economic psychology shows job satisfaction of individuals to be related to expectations (▇▇▇▇▇, 2010) and to be affected by comparisons to others (▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1996). Quite probably, the lower satisfaction of externals is at least partly due to the fact that they compare their situation to that of internals, which is objectively better. In this light, it would be interesting to study additional aspects of job satisfaction, such as with remuneration and embeddedness in the department. Our results also show that externals are stressed at work more often than internals. An interesting follow-up question would be to see if their higher stress levels could be caused by the lesser availability of material infrastructure, or are caused by other factors. Another striking finding in our study was that female PhD candidates were more likely to report high work pressure than male PhD candidates. Again, a follow-up question that warrants further investigation but cannot be answered by a survey study like ours, is to inves...

Discussion and Conclusions. Present-day Dutch krijgen is a verb with a rich past. In this chapter I have given a detailed overview of how it has developed from its Middle Dutch use to the present. In the 14th century, krijgen is used in intransitive, transitive and complement constructions. These uses are all highly agentive, although the transitive use of krijgen already shows different degrees of agentivity. In the 15th century, the intransitive use has become almost completely extinct. The transitive shows a sharp decrease in agentive use, a process that will continue until at least the 17th century. This change occurs similarly with an increase in the use of objects that denote subject states. The decrease in agentivity of krijgen seems to take off in this particular use, followed by abstract objects a century later. The use with concrete objects does not seem to lose its agentivity until the 17th century.

Discussion and Conclusions. This paper develops a novel theoretical approach to study how interest groups’ member involvement and organizational capacity affect their degree of access to EU public officials. In this way, the findings inform us about the potential democratic contribution of groups 93 with access to Commission officials – who are expected to reach out to groups that can increase the legitimacy and efficiency of the policy process. Before discussing the main findings, this last section will reflect on three aspects related to the research design. First, this paper has analyzed how interest groups’ organizational structure affects access by using reported survey data that tap key organizational elements. Thus, the paper looks at the formal opportunities for the participation of members, and not at the actual involvement of members. In addition to examining actual involvement of members, future research could examine whether the organizational structures related to member involvement lead to an accurate alignment of the preferences of members and the positions of group leaders (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2016, 2018). Second, the groups included in the sample are active at the EU level and gained ac- cess to Commission officials. The need for professionalized and technical expertise might be accentuated in the Commission, which as the bureaucratic institution in charge of developing policy proposals is mostly concerned about the technicalities that would make a proposal viable. We may find different results if we study more politicized venues, such as the legislative arena where there is a higher demand for political knowledge (Grömping & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2019). In addition, the effects of these organizational dimensions and the ability to function as a transmission belt might work differently at the national level (cf., Berkhout et al., 2017). In that regard, members might have few selective incentives to get involved in the groups due to its EU focus which could ultimately affect the organizational attributes to involve members and have organizational capacity. Future research needs to assess the occurrence and validity of the main explanatory factors and their effects on the degree of access in (sub)national polities. Lastly, the paper focuses on the transmission belt function of membership-based interest groups. That is, it excludes non-membership organizations which according to the Trans- parency Register, represent almost half of the interest groups with access to Commission officials. The mai...

Discussion and Conclusions. The Copernicus Services and Space component requirements for in situ data in the Arctic Region have been collected and analysed. The analysis shows that although the monitoring of the Arctic in the future will rely heavily on satellite observations, it is mandatory for Copernicus to have timely access to a broad suite of in situ observation of sufficient quality and resolution in time and space. The Copernicus community has articulated clearly which variables are essential for their production line as well as their requirement for timely delivery and quality, while the resolution in time and space is still open for further clarification. The latter issue is being addressed in the Copernicus In Situ Coordination Information System (CIS2), established within the Copernicus In Situ Component led by EEA. The project group has collected a thorough, although not complete, overview of existing in situ data from the Arctic:  Data already used by the Copernicus Services and Space component  Data freely available at various national and international data repositories but still not used in the Copernicus production line  Data with restricted availability due to institutional and/or national data policies  Data collected in research projects without a data management structure enabling a free data exchange. A full overview of this data category may require further work A gap analysis has been performed by comparing the amount of existing data to the requirements for in situ data. The analysis is general in nature since a detailed gap analysis will require clear definitions of the required resolution in time and space. The analysis has identified two groups of data gaps: 1. Observations needed but do not exist. This kind of gap can be roughly identified by comparing the requirements and spatiotemporal distribution of the observations. 2. Observations exist but are not being used because a. Data are not freely available due to for example. data policy, lack of institutional data management structure, research publication, economic benefit, technological confidentiality and even political issues. b. They do not fit Copernicus purposes due to i. Untimely availability - most of the applications have strong time limits, e.g. near real time forecast and validation need observations in near real time; interim reanalysis needs observations in interim scale, i.e., 1-12 months before production time. ii. lack of sufficient metadata iii. Inadequate quality - observations for...

Discussion and Conclusions. ‌ On its largest scales, the cosmic web of the Universe is not formed by isolated objects, but by continuously owing matter distributed in sheets, laments, and nodes. For

Discussion and Conclusions. Grant project objectives were met. One 5th- 8th grade unit, How Much is Too Much? How Little is Too Little? was updated to include current agricultural and education concepts. This unit is comprised of eleven lessons. These lessons teach students about: plant parts and functions, soil properties, how plant nutrients affect plant growth, how to read a fertilizer label, solutes and solvents, how to identify plant nutrient deficiencies, vermicomposting, how political decisions affect people and the environment, and best management practices regarding plant nutrient management. One new resource, the Educator’s Guide to Fun With the Plant Nutrient Team was developed for use in K-3rd grade classrooms. This resource includes seven lessons that allow teachers to build upon concepts that students learn about in the Fun With the Plant Nutrient Team activity booklet. The lessons in this unit teach students about: the nutrients that plants and people need to be healthy, soil components, how plants make their own food through photosynthesis, how modern farming technology like GPS helps farmers ensure plants get the right amount of nutrients, the water cycle, which crops are suited to different climates, and how to trace the components of a meal back to plants. Both of these educational units are aligned to the most recent Content Standards for California Public Schools. Lessons are designed to engage students through hands-on activities that allow them to explore the types of activities carried out by farmers and plant scientists to produce our food and fiber while practicing environmental stewardship. After participating in the lessons, students will have a better understanding of what plant nutrients are, why they are important, and how farmers and scientists are continually improving methods to provide crops with the right plant nutrients in the right amounts, at the right time and in the right place. The lessons from each unit were pilot tested in classrooms, reviewed by experts in the plant nutrient field, and presented to teachers at workshops. Workshop participants gave overall positive reviews of the lessons as seen in the “Results” section of the report. At the time of this report, the units had only been available to teachers for less than one month. CFAITC will collect feedback from teachers once they have had ample time to implement the lessons in their classrooms. This data will be collected as part of CFAITC’s annual survey sent to thousands of teachers i...

Discussion and Conclusions. Our hypothesis was that IE tools can be used in addition to IEA tools to identify potential environmental impacts of policy measures aimed not at specific environmental issues, but at materials and products in society. In the example the virtual ban on PVC we show that this hypothesis holds. We also show that this combination of tools can be used to detect and therefore prevent different forms of problem shifting (from PVC related issues to climate change) or in other words to identify co-benefits and co-damages (disappearance of the chlorine industry and increase in lime kiln activities) of environmental policy measures (a ban on PVC). IEA tools cannot look outside the scope of the specific environmental issues they are made for. Moreover, their resolution in the economic driver modules is too low to enable analysing a quite extensive measure like a complete ban on PVC. This could in part be repaired by increasing the resolution of the economic driver module by distinguishing a higher number of economic sectors. This would indeed constitute to a better picture but there is more to it than that. Not only the resolution, but also the impossibility of detecting indirect effects is a problem. Due to the significant impacts of a ban on PVC on global CO2 emissions, be it in an indirect manner and via a number of steps, it can be concluded, that the argument that such a measure is too small to be detected is not applicable. IEA tools are not suitable to analyse the effects of measures not affecting their object directly. Because the resolution of IE tools is much higher for material flows in society they do a little better in this case. Since they look, in different ways, at society's metabolism it is possible to detect changes as a result of a PVC ban. With LCA, a picture emerges of the changes in a wider number of environmental issues as a result of a substitution of PVC with other materials. With SFA, the implications for the chlorine chain become apparent. However, the scope of tools like LCA and SFA is also limited, and their assessment of environmental impact is limited. They show part of what might happen. Also the picture they show remains fragmented and incomplete. Moreover, their analysis of what happens in the environment is limited compared to the outcomes of IEA tools. IEA tools and IE tools are clearly complementary when looking at their main focus. In our PVC example we have shown that IE tools can indeed provide input for the IEA tools. LCA can p...

Discussion and Conclusions. Conference key agreement (CKA) is an information processing task where more than two parties want to share a common secret key. The form of the protocol that uses GHZ states suffers from extreme sensitivity to photon loss. Here, we introduced a redundantly encoded FIG. 11. Entanglement distribution rate when η = 0.3 using 80 MHz pump for PDC, p 10−4, and three other imaginary devices with p = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. protocol with error correction for CKA, making the pro- tocol resilient to photon loss both in the detector and the transmission line. We assume each part has the same loss parameter, but this is easily generalised to parties with different loss parameters. We compare the performance of our protocol and the existing protocol in terms of their rates of creating and transmitting entangled states. Our protocol provides a speed-up in transmission rate over the existing protocol. However, extra cost is required for encoding and error correction in our protocol. Using parametric downcon- verter (PDC) as photon sources, the extra cost for the protocol quickly becomes too high to be implemented. We showed that, using entangled photon sources with creation probability p “ 0.3, the loss-tolerant protocol can outperform the original CKA protocol. This is much higher than what PDC can provide. Its secret key rate also overcomes the existing protocol’s rate. Hence, the loss-resilient CKA protocol presented here requires high probability entangled photon sources. Although these de- vices have not yet been widely distributed commercially, they are currently in an experimental stage. Promising candidates are entangled photon sources from atomic en- semble [38] and biexciton-exciton cascade quantum dots [39]. Our error correction protocol requires quantum- nondemolition detectors (QND), which are experimen- tally very challenging. There are in principle many dif- ferent ways to implement QND, e.g., using physical pro- cesses, i.e., ▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇ nonlinearities [29, 40], photon- cavity interactions [28, 34], and detecting photons inter- ferometrically using linear optics [32]. Single photon res- olution is still challenging using ▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇ nonlinearities [29, 33]. However, with cavity quantum electrodynamics and interferometry in linear optics, they have successfully realised the single photon resolution on QND [30–32]. It is an open question whether our loss-tolerant pro- tocol can be implemented with lower complexity. Differ- ent ways of encoding qubits could be explo...

Discussion and Conclusions. Figure IV-1 A model of torsinA degradation. 137 Figure IV-2 BTB domain alignment demonstrates printor P/Q insertion coincides with RhoBTB2 insertion. 138 Figure IV-3 Printor is capable of self-interaction. 139 Figure IV-4 Printor interacts with cullin-3. 140 Figure IV-5 WT and dystonia-associated mutant torsinA can be ubiquitinated. 141 Figure IV-6 Printor increases the turnover of WT but not dystonia- associated mutant torsinA. 142