Democracy. The Third Sector has a long history of supporting the engagement of local people in local issues and solutions, Third Sector groups are grounded in the ‘5 Ways of Working’. Involving the Sector at an early stage in policy development and service design, adopting a co productive approach leads to better outcomes for citizens where community based groups are well placed to provide insight into the unique challenges faced by community members they meet.
Democracy. Participatory democracy has numerous constitutional techniques and guarantees.59 Under the terms of the Constitution, Art. 2(2) – “all power is vested in the people who exercise their sovereignty through elected representatives and directly.” The two constitutional 54 Generally on how the HCC approached its role, X. Xxxxx, “Aktivizmus és passzivizmus az Alkotmánybíróság gyakorlatában,” in X. Xxxxxxx (ed.), Tíz eves az alkotmánybíróság, Alkotmánybíróság, Budapest (2000), at 167ff.
Democracy. 1. The Parties shall promote and strengthen the universal values and principles of democracy. They shall protect the separation of powers, promote political pluralism and strengthen transparency, participation and confidence in democratic processes as well as trust between political leaders and the people, including by supporting the ratification and implementation of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.
Democracy. 1. Participatory democracy shall be realised through congresses and national convention or conference.
Democracy. As above, political society’s key comparator, for Xxxxx, is the state of nature. Political society requires, on his view, the legitimate establishment of political power, not least to be able to enforce justice. This legitimacy is dependent on its members having ‘quitted this natural power [of preserving property and punishing offences, and having] resigned it up into the hands of the community’, such that the community ‘comes to be umpire’.128 Xxxxx states that being a member of such a society, on Xxxxx’x approach, amounts to ‘transforming oneself into a constituent element of a political body’.129 And it seems clear that Xxxxx’x approach is democratic in nature. To this end, Xxxxx describes how, in legitimate political society, political representatives (i.e., ‘men having authority from the community’) are charged with ‘decid[ing] all the differences that may happen between any members of that society concerning any matter of right’.130 A key distinction between political society and the state of nature, therefore, is the parsing and discharge of the law of nature on particular matters of justice. As Waldron states, ‘in the absence of institutions, Xxxxx maintains that natural law is enforceable by any individual’. 131 Again, this does not mean that individuals in political society have ceded their moral obligations to discern and follow prerequisite moral standards for themselves. Rather, members of Lockean political society, as a matter of precondition, are morally committed to behaving towards each other in accordance with the moral standards of the law of nature — as well as contributing to the determination of legitimate positive law, by partaking in a representative model of political participation: 128 Xxxxx, Second Treatise, 46 (§87). 129 Xxxxx, Discourse on Property, 158-9. 130 Xxxxx, 46-47 (§87). 131 Xxxxxxx, “What is Natural Law Like?” 79. [th]us every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to every one of that society, to submit to the determination of the majority, and to be concluded by it[.]132 I shall return to this reference to ‘the majority’ in Chapter 6. But what is key for current purposes, here, is that in Lockean political society, the mechanisms of political institutions enable legitimate societal decision-making and the formal enaction of those decisions, amidst a political culture that protects and maintains members’ equally-held political and societal rights...
Democracy. Regime type may also influence COIN outcomes. Scholars have long proposed that democracies tend to be less effective counterinsurgents. In this view, democratic publics are war-averse, and since insurgencies are typically protracted struggles, democratic leaders are constrained by their war-averse electorates in their ability to prosecute insurgents effectively (Xxxxx 1987; Xxxxx 2010b; Xxxx 1975; Merom 2003). On the other hand, a democratic regime may enjoy greater popu- lar support than its autocratic counterparts. As a result, such regimes may be more likely to win as well as more likely to arm civilians. To account for this possibility, I follow the time-honored approach of measuring regime type using the Polity2 measure — a 21-point composite index ranging from autocracy (-10) to democracy (+10) — and include on the right-hand side of the estimated equation a dichotomous indicator (DEMOCRACY ) of whether a country is a democracy (Polity2 ≥ 7) or not (Polity2 < 7) (Xxxxxxx and Xxxx 1995). Mechanization. Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2009) and Xxxxx (2010b) find that an incumbent’s level of mechanization has a negative impact on the likelihood of government victory. The authors’ measure of this concept (MECHANIZATION ) is a scaled fourfold ordinal variable indicating the country’s military’s prewar soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2009, 83–4). Inasmuch as their sample differs from that of Kalyvas and Balcells (2010), the pre-war soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio is recoded from Table 3.1. Crossnational CDF Deployment: Summary Statistics Variable Name Median St. Dev. Min Max Description Dependent Variable WDL 1 0.87 0 2 COIN Outcome: win (2), draw (1), or lose (0). Explanatory Variable CDFs 0 0.48 0 1 Indicates whether CDFs have been deployed or not. Controls INCUMBENT MANPOWER 749 896 14 5227 Pre-war number of military personnel per 100,000 population. INCUMBENT ENERGY 99 162 0.03 851 Pre-war energy consumption per 100,000 population. INSURGENT MANPOWER 147 340 0.54 2160 Maximum number of armed insurgents per 100,000 population. EXTERNAL SUPPORT 1 0.85 0 2 External economic and/or military support for rebels. OCCUPATION 0 0.43 0 1 Incumbent is perceived as an illegitimate occupier. DIVERSITY 6.13 4.39 1 19 Number of major ethnolinguistic groups. DEMOCRACY 0 0.42 0 1 Regime type: democracy (Polity2 ≥ 7) or not. MECHANIZATION 3 1.12 1 4 incumbent’s prewar soldier-to-mechanized vehicle ratio. The Military Balance and the Stockholm International ...
Democracy. There is no viable Republic without democracy, nor is there democracy without balance of power, pluralism of opinion, freedom of using it and a right to act in order to assert these values. * Freedom of association, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press which are integral parts of the important democratic balances will be readjusted by legal stipulations and will make multi-party system more satisfactory. * Each power in the Republic must be strictly surrounded, in the exercise of its functions, by republican democratic institutions. These institutions must in their turn reflect the state of a national consensus freely and democratically elaborated by a just representation and carried out by administrations, within which the different national communities are represented in an equal way. CLAUSE 4: SOUND MANAGEMENT OF THE SOCIETY. A National Audit Bureau will immediately be initiated and will start its investigations in order to put an end to the opacity of the management of the public purse. CLAUSE 5: CIVIL PEACE AND SECURITY. Peace and justice are just as inseparable as breath and life. Achieving civil peace is providing justice and first of all the compensation of harm suffered. * It is also a question of initiating reforms of the laws and regulations guaranteeing conditions for the national cohesion and a sound management of the national common patrimony. * The militaries whose special mission it is to guarantee the security of the national territory against all external threat will reintegrate their positions they occupied before the civil conflict. Their presence will not constitute any hindrance nor difficulty for the circulation of goods and persons. In order to make this circulation safe both parties engage to start clearance of mines of the land and roads they had mined. * The two parties engage to suspend hostilities. * Civil and military prisoners of the two parties, detained on both sides will immediately be set free. * Furthermore the members of FRUD, officials, civil servants, militants, civilians or combatants who occupied a professional post before the conflict will be reintegrated in their administrations, establishments, services or companies. The other members of FRUD will be reintegrated in adequate civil or military functions. The forms of their effective disarmament will be settled at that moment. Those who were victims of material harm will be compensated. All accusation or pursuit o...
Democracy. Spinoza writes that democracy is the most absolute form of state, 316 and this is because the main problem of making a state more stable, that is, organizing the affects of the individuals in the multitude, such that by working to achieve their interests and goals they work for the increased power of the state, is made easier since the multitude are, by definition, the rulers in a democracy. This does not mean that special incentives in the form of social and political 314 TP 9.1-3, 9.15 315 TP 8.3 316 TP 11.1 institutions are unnecessary in a democracy, however. Democracy, as the best form of government also has the farthest to fall. 317 Spinoza’s section on democracy in the Political Treatise remains unfinished, so he was unable to tell us the details of what institutions he thought necessary for ensuring the permanent safety of the freest state. 318 We know that he thought of a democracy as like an aristocracy, with its council and series of checks on the power of councils with sub councils and judges, etc. However, whereas in an aristocracy, the principle of selection for the large council was based on election through some good quality, in a democracy, the principle of selection was based on birth or citizenship, or based on some base level of property or money. 319 In a democracy, Spinoza writes, “All who are born of citizen parents, or on the soil of the country, or who have deserved well of the republic, or have accomplished any other conditions upon which law grants to a man the right of citizenship; they all, I say, have the right to demand a vote in the supreme council and to fill public offices, nor can they be refused, but for crime or infamy.” 320 Law, rather than some special quality and election by the council, determines who can be a citizen and have a vote in the council in a democracy. Although we lack a section on what social and political institutions are necessary for a strong democracy, we retain Spinoza’s programmatic statements about democracy being the best and most absolute form of commonwealth as well as his general principles of what makes a state more stable. From these we can develop the principles for the best and freest state, which was what Spinoza thought democracy could be. I will revisit Spinoza’s conception of democracy in the section below on ‘The Best State’ and on Spinoza’s political principles. But first, I would like to address an issue which underlies Spinoza’s argument for democracy as both the freest and most a...
Democracy. Democracies score high on all three measures of what makes a state more absolute, or at least, according to Spinoza, they have the greatest possibility of scoring high on all three. In a democracy it is possible that a. the power of each individual is maximized; b. that the power of the rulers is maximized; and c. that the rulers and multitude are in agreement such that their power can be summed. Since they are maximally inclusive, democracies open up the possibility of satisfying a, and maximizing the power of each individual through allowing them to freely explore and understand the world and themselves. The freest state, democracy, has the best chance for having the strongest or most powerful multitude. Democracies, by leaving open the path to self- understanding provide the greatest chance for the improvement of each individually. Not needing to fear the multitude, democracies have the potential for being the most absolute state. 348 Since the opportunity of participating in the governing of the commonwealth is open to all citizens, 349 the government is seen as more closely identified with the multitude. Each individual can hope to gain something from the government, and to participate in it. This hope350 leads individuals to identify their best interests with the best interests of the government. This identification and orientation of their goals and interests with that of the state allows for c, for the 348 TTP, Chapter 16. 349 For Spinoza, the important aspect here is that the positions are not based on some factor like birth or rank, so that anyone, in principle, could take part in the governing of the state. 350 TP 5.6; TTP, Chapter 17. individual to ‘agree’ with those who similarly orient their affects toward the survival of the state. Such individuals can be said to ‘love the same thing’, and as we know from the discussion of the affects in Chapter Two, when individuals love something they try to destroy that which minimizes its power and support that which empowers that loved thing.351 So, individuals in such a state use their power to support that which they love, state, and they do so in concert with all the other state-loving individuals around them. Thus, their actions, as a multitude, agree; they support the same thing. Since the power of the rulers is equivalent to the power of the multitude, since the multitude in fact is responsible for governing the commonwealth, the extent to which the individuals’ powers can be maximized is the exte...
Democracy. The University Xxxxxx is directly elected by the student body and appoints a Xxxxxx’x Assessor to be a representative within the student body. The Senior Lay Member of the University Court is elected by students and staff. Members of the Students’ Association Students’ Representative Council often work with Senior University staff on policy-making and other initiatives. Where possible and where confidentiality and time scales allow, student opinion is canvased more widely on significant strategic decisions such as major new capital projects and changes to the academic calendar.
