Cultural Context. Traditional Beliefs AI/ANs have many cultural practices surrounding health and wellbeing, including pregnancy. AI/AN culture and traditional practices can differ by tribe, but, there are some overarching beliefs among AI/ANs. In contrast to individualistic western culture, AI/AN culture includes characteristics such as conformity, respect for authority figures, and spirituality.44 However, over time, due to acculturation and migration to urban areas, many of the traditional teachings surrounding medicine and healing techniques are being abandoned45. There are many factors that play into the abandonment of traditional cultural practices among AI/ANs: federal policies in the 1950’s impacting tribal reservations, Indian boarding schools prohibiting native languages and customs, and racism and discrimination to name a few.45 There are some universal beliefs surrounding childbearing as well. In general, AI/AN children are considered gifts and are honored and cherished.44 Qualitative studies in northwest AI/ANs showed: “cultural beliefs and values about xxxxxxxxxxxx said that pregnancy was a normal event not requiring biomedical intervention. In fact attending prenatal care was perceived by some as a pampering the mother.”45 Pregnancy in traditional culture is not seen as a condition a woman needs to see a doctor to treat. However, pregnancy is seen as a normal and natural event for which care for the child really begins in-utero, so women are encouraged to quit smoking and drinking during pregnancy.45 Another qualitative study in Oregon found that a major theme affecting prenatal care is the disturbance of traditional indigenous women’s role as primary transmitters of information through oral traditions and as typically being the birth attendants.45 This breakdown resulted in Western models of prenatal care being culturally inappropriate. In this Oregon community, the traditional practices of learning from older women about pregnancy and birth were unavailable, so there was a greater dependency on community resources.45 However, women were reluctant to accept interventions that do not consider their social and cultural contexts.46 Health Disparities According to the 2010 U.S. Census, there are approximately 5.2 million AI/ANs comprising about 1.7% of the U.S. total population.47 This is a very diverse group consisting of 566 federally recognized tribes, with 229 being found in Alaska and the rest across 33 states.48 Disparities between AI/AN and other races hav...
Cultural Context. This section of the plan describes the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic setting of the study area. The prehistoric context includes a description of the potential for buried prehistoric resources with little or no surface manifestation to occur in the study area. Prehistoric Context Although the Sacramento Valley may have been inhabited by humans as early as 10,000 years ago, the evidence for early human occupation likely is buried by deep alluvial sediments that accumulated rapidly during the late Holocene Epoch. Although rare, archaeological remains of this early period allegedly have been identified in and around the Central Valley. Xxxxxxx (1967:283–284) presents evidence for some use of the Mokelumne River area, under what is now Camanche Reservoir, during the late Pleistocene Epoch. These archaeological materials and similar materials in the region have been termed the Farmington Complex. Recent work in the vicinity of Camanche Reservoir, however, calls into question whether Farmington Complex exceeds an age of 10,000 Before Present (B.P.) (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2007:151). Preliminary results from Tremaine & Associates’ (2008) recent excavations at Sacramento City Hall (Sacramento City Hall overlies the Nisenan village of Sacum’ne, CA-SAC-38) reveal the earliest confirmed habitation of the immediate Sacramento vicinity. Obsidian hydration readings on artifacts may represent use of the site during 3000–8000 X.X. Xxxxxxxx & Associates also ran three radiocarbon assays, which yielded conventional dates of 5870, 6690, and 6700 B.P. The radiocarbon assays were taken between 9.8 feet and 11.5 feet below ground surface (Tremaine & Associates 2008:99–101). Later periods of prehistory are better understood because of their more abundant representation in the archaeological record. Xxxxxxxxxxx (1973) identified three general patterns of cultural manifestations for the period between 4500 and 100 B.P.—the Xxxxxxxxxx, Berkeley, and Augustine Patterns. The Xxxxxxxxxx Pattern (4500–2800 B.P.) shows evidence of a mixed economy consisting of the generalized hunting of game, fishing, and use of wild plant foods. Settlement strategies during the Xxxxxxxxxx period reflect seasonal occupation of valleys during the winter and of foothills during the summer (Xxxxxxx 1984:201, 206). Cultural changes are manifested in the Berkeley Pattern (3500–2500 B.P.). Technological changes in groundstone from handstones and milling slabs to the mortar and pestle indicate a greater de...
Cultural Context. In some cases, HST bridge and overpass design may respond directly and literally to the unique cultural or architectural context into which it is to be built, reflecting intrinsic values, culture or tradition. HSR 00-00 - XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX Xxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Esfahan, Iran Natural Context
Cultural Context. Indigenous materials may be considered in HST bridge and overpass design where a specific contextually sensitive environment such as mountains, canyons or waterways renders conventional materials inappropriate. Approaches, abutments or other transitional structures may consider use of local materials. Xxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxx xx Xxxx, Xxxxxx Viewpoints Natural Context HST bridge and overpass design should take advantage of potential public viewing opportunities whenever they occur. As locations for landmark structures are identified by a community, full opportunity should be developed to integrate a HST bridge and overpass into the natural landscape or accentuate a major urban feature such as a gateway into a city center.
Cultural Context. Recently, social movement scholars have considered effects of the cultural opportunity structure (Borland 2004; Xxxxxx and Werum 2011; Xxxxx and XxXxxxxxx 1999; Xxxxxxxx 2004). Research in this area is newer and less 13 While I do not offer specific hypotheses regarding the political mediation model, I do test a number of additional models with interaction terms between political opportunity and resource variables. codified than that regarding political opportunities, and considers aspects of culture ranging from the resonance of SMO claims with the general public (Xxxxxxx and Snow 2000; Jasper 1997; Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2000) to prominent norms, values, and ideals within a culture (Xxxxxxxxx 1990). Xxxxxxx and Snow (2000) argue that the aspects of culture most relevant to SMO claimsmaking “include the extant stock of meanings, beliefs, ideologies, practices, values, myths, narratives, and the like” (p. 629). The receptivity of the culture in which SMOs are embedded, then, affects SMO tactical choices. I focus on how one aspect of culture, state citizens’ ideology, impacts EJOs’ tactical choices. Previous research has documented that political liberalism is linked to higher levels of environmental concerns than conservatism (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxxxx and XxXxxxxx 2008, 2011; Xxxxxx et al. 2010; Xxxxxxxx 2004; Olli et al. 2001; Xxx Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 1980; Xiao and XxXxxxxx 2007). As such, states with more liberal citizens may be more receptive to EJO claims than states with more conservative citizens, rendering disruptive tactics less necessary.
Cultural Context. I also examined cultural opportunities that potentially affect EJO tactics. To assess cultural support for EJ issues, I included a measure of citizen ideology, or the general liberalness and conservativeness of state citizens, also drawn from Xxxxx et al. (2010). This measure ranges on a scale from zero to 100, with higher numbers indicating a higher level of liberalism (see Xxxxx et al. 1998 for a more detailed discussion). As with the political opportunities measure from Xxxxx et al. (2010), political scientists have capitalized on this measure much more so than sociologists (e.g., Camobreco and Xxxxxxxx 2003). Again, previous research has documented that politically liberal individuals are more likely to possess higher levels of concern for a variety of social justice issues, including feminist initiatives (XxXxxxxx et al. 0000), XXXX rights (Xxxxxx-Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 2003), and environmental issues (XxXxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2000, 2003). As such, when combined into a state citizenry, they will comprise a cultural context more open to combating environmental issues.
Cultural Context. What is the cultural context (e.g., family life, cultural practices, lifestyles, aspirations, traditional systems) of the fishing community? • Scale. At what scale does fishing take place? • Food, income, and other benefits. How important are fisheries for food and income, as well as other benefits? • Current status and trends. What are the current status and trends of the main targeted fisheries resources? How many boats and fishers are there, and what type of fishing gear is used for targeted fisheries? • Key drivers of change. What are the key drivers of change in the fisheries sector? • Policy/legal/institutional frameworks. What major policies and legal and institutional frameworks govern local fisheries? • Infrastructure, capacity, and support for management. What are the individual and institutional capacities and willingness to manage the fisheries? What is the state of physical infrastructure, technological capabilities, institutions, and/or human productivity in the fisheries sector? • Market dynamics. What are the market dynamics, including supply and demand, local and export markets, and related issues? • Data. What systems are in place to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on fisheries to support fisheries management and development activities, and how effective are they? • Fisheries management system(s). What fisheries management system(s) and measures are in place to sustain the fishery (e.g., closures, gear, other restrictions)? How effective are these measures? • Gender differences. What are the different roles of men and women in the industry? 1 To supplement this list of questions, a list of some fisheries management objectives is included in Appendix 1. • Species characteristics. What is the inherent vulnerability of targeted species to fishing pressure? • Habitat and bycatch impacts. For key targeted fisheries, what are the impacts on marine habitats and ecosystems, including bycatch of threatened species? • Experience promoting sustainable fisheries. To date, what efforts have been made to promote sustainable fisheries? What has worked, what has not worked, and why? What programs are underway or planned in the near future? • New opportunities. In practical terms, what new opportunities exist for achieving sustainable fisheries (e.g., substitute fisheries or underutilized stocks, mariculture / aquaculture, alternative livelihoods outside the fisheries sector to reduce fishing pressures)?
Cultural Context. (Continued) contact, the syilx learned to live in harmony with the world around them. Knowledge was handed down in the form of captíkʷɬ/a collection of teachings about syilx/Okanagan laws, customs, values, governance structures, and principles that, together, define and inform xxxxx Xxxxxxxx rights and responsibilities to the land and culture. These stories provide instruction on how to relate to and live on the land, and serve as a reminder of syilx Okanagan natural laws and protocols that need to be followed in order for future generations to survive in harmony with the tmixw – that which gives life. These stories are embedded in syilx Okanagan culture and language and play a vital role in cultural renewal and revitalization. b) Cultural Context of Definitions kaʔɬlʔ̓ u̓pn̓kst (Thirty) (30) Three (kaʔɬís) tens (ʔupn̓kst). kətc’ac’aɬtən (November) Moon of the cold (c’aɬt means cold.) səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ (Worker) The literal translation of səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ is “the person responsible for” (səxʷ) “to work, fix, or create” (k̓ʷul). The root of səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ comes from k̓ʷln̓ cutn, the word for “Creator”. WFN’s səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ are, in a sense, creators, working to provide important and valuable programs, services, and tools, and to solve issues as they arise, in order to ensure a productive, excellent, and fruitful government and community. The word also denotes value. Originating from the Creator, səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ have inherent value and are to be treated as such by their supervisors, colleagues, and clients. səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ k̓l ̓ yʕayʕat (Director of Operations) The Director of Operations is the səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ who is over (k̓l)̓ everyone (yʕayʕat). Through their team of Directors, they oversee all WFN’s səxʷk̓ʷulm̓ . siyaʔtən (June) Moon of Saskatoon xxxxx (siyaʔ means Saskatoon xxxxx.) sk’əlwístən (September) Moon of the spawning fish (sk’əlwíst means spawning fish). spáqtan (January) Moon of whiteout when everything is white (piq means white). suxʷ qʷəlqʷilt (Chair) The spokesperson or the person responsible for (suxʷ) talking (qʷəlqʷilt). syilx (Torn from the land) The syilx, the original inhabitants of the Okanagan Traditional Territory, today consisting of seven (7) First Nations located in southern B.C., Canada and the Confederated Tribes of Colville in Washington State, USA, are part of the land, with the land being a part of them. For some, this has strong spiritual connotations, and for others it is the impetus to provide for sound land and resource management principles that wil...
Cultural Context. (Continued) area, the winds would cause the water to wash upon the shore leaving puddles and pools to cleanse the land and which would either seep into the land, creating wet, marshy areas or wash back into the lake. This area has been identified as the portion of syilx territory from Antler’s Beach/Hardy Falls area to around the Xxxxxxxx/Green Bay area (essentially from the bend in the lake along the whole shoreline) but in reality, it includes a few other areas, including xʷaɬ mnik, the area closer to Tsinstikeptum Indian Reserve #10 and many other areas that have specific place names. suxʷ qʷəlqʷilt (Chair) The spokesperson or the person responsible for (suxw) talking (qʷəlqʷilt). xxxxx x̓x ̓ iʔ sqlaw̓ (Chief Financial Officer) Leader (xatus) of the (k̓l ̓ iʔ) financial well-being (sqlaw̓). y̓ilm̓ ixʷm naɬ səxʷk̓ʷinaʔməm (Chief and Council) The Chief of WFN has been chosen by the people to be the overall manager or leader (y̓ilm̓ ixʷm) of WFN. This leadership position is one of servanthood and self-sacrifice. Traditionally, the yílmixʷm represented the will of the people in carrying out the rights of being syilx, as well as representing the guarantee that the syilx will continue on. The yílmixʷm also represented good decisions of the people while protecting the land and the natural laws. y̓ilmixʷm’s willingness to be a good role model and lead by example through lifestyle, experience, and wisdom sets the example for səxʷk̓ʷinaʔməm, the other members of Council chosen by the people to be responsible for (səxʷ) working (k̓ʷ) to oversee things (ínmaʔm̓ ), and for the youth, and for all the people. In seeking to lead well, y̓ilmixʷm naɬ səxʷk̓ʷinaʔməm are dependent on each other’s willingness to sacrifice for the good of others. Traditionally, səxʷk̓ʷinaʔməm were those chosen to oversee hunting and fishing or to serve as a sort of enforcer of community laws but the term has now been broadened to incorporate the oversight of government. “naɬ” is simply the n̓syilxcn̓ term for “and”. yí səxʷk̓ʷínmaʔm̓ (Council) Those who have been chosen by the people to be responsible for (səxʷ) working (k̓ʷ) to oversee things (ínmaʔm̓ ). Traditionally, yi səxʷk̓ʷinaʔməm were chosen to oversee hunting and fishing or to serve as policeman but the term has now been broadenedto incorporate the oversight of government. ʔasəl ʔupn̓kst əɬ mus (Twenty-four) (24) Twenty (ʔasəl ʔupn̓kst) and (əɬ) four (mus). ʔupənkst əɬ ci̓ lkst (Fifteen (15) Ten (ʔupn̓kst) and (əɬ) five (ci̓ lk̓ st)...
