Amphetamines. (a) Amphetamine
Amphetamines. Obetrol, Biphetamine, Desoxyn, Dexedrine, Didrex.
Amphetamines. Detection thresholds consistent with the available technology have been established for each of the drugs/drug group shown above. These detection thresholds will be used uniformly in the interpretation of all drug tests. In all cases, the testing will utilize a two-tiered technique. Initially, all specimens will be subjected to a screening analysis using FDA approved drug screening reagents. If a specimen produces a positive result at or above the detection threshold, that specimen will then be subjected to a second level confirmation procedure utilizing Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy technology. Only if both the screen and the GC/MS are positive at or above their respective detection thresholds will the urine be considered positive for that drug(s). If the GC/MS fails to confirm the findings of the original screening procedure, the substance will be reported non-detectable (i.e. (negative)) in the urine.
Amphetamines. 4. Opiates (e.g., heroin, codeine); and,
Amphetamines. (5) Phencyclidine (PCP) Supervisors are responsible for providing written documentation to include the amount of time taken between accident and testing and the reason for the delay any time alcohol testing is not performed within two (2) hour and drug testing is not performed within thirty-two (32) hours and forward the information to the HRS Director.
Amphetamines. The testing is a two stage process. First a screening test is conducted. If it is positive for one or more of the drugs listed above, then a confirmation test is conducted for each identified drug. The confirmation test is a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.
Amphetamines. (b) A spec1men which in41C&tes the presence or & 4&Dgerou dru&'at & level equ&1to or excee41ng the levels eat&b- l1shed in 49 CPR to.29 1areported to the Me41c&1Review omcer u poIIltive~ [eGD llG-053, &8FR 00000.XX' 28.1lI8Sl
Amphetamines. 4.) Opiates and semi-synthetic and synthetic narcotics 5.) Phencyclidine (PCP) If initial testing results are negative, testing shall be discontinued. Only specimens identified as positive on the initial test shall be confirmed using the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques as provided within the DOH and SAMHSA standards. If confirmatory testing results are negative, all test results are considered negative.
Amphetamines. Similar to cocaine, amphetamines increase the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gap, however they achieve this via a different mechanism. Owing to their structural similarity to dopamine, amphetamines can bind to dopamine transporters and enter the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron. They can also enter the neural membrane directly via diffusion. Amphetamines can then expel dopamine into the synaptic gap by forcing the molecules out of the storage vesicles. Amphetamines can also work by reducing the reuptake of dopamine and, in high concentrations, inhibiting monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) that breaks down dopamine. Amphetamines can also increase the “excitability” of dopaminergic neurons by removing the inhibiting effect of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Ecstasy Ecstasy (MDMA) is a synthetic drug that is structurally similar to amphetamines and LSD and can act as a stimulant and a hallucinogen. Similar to amphetamines and cocaine, ecstasy blocks the reuptake pumps for certain neurotransmitters, thus increasing their levels in the synaptic gap and prolonging their effect on the post-synaptic neurons’ receptors. The distinguishing feature of ecstasy is its effects on serotonin transporters in addition to norepinephrine and dopamine. The resulting initial increase in serotonin can be experienced as an increase in energy, euphoria, and the suppression of certain inhibitions in relating to other people. This initial reaction is followed a few hours later by a decrease in serotonin levels, amplified by the reduced activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing serotonin. This decrease can last much longer than the initial increase. In a similar fashion to other drugs, the initial “artificial” and excessive increase in neurotransmitter levels leads to a decrease below original levels. Similar to the other drugs mentioned, ecstasy increases the release of dopamine into the reward circuit. The increased serotonin produced by ecstasy leads indirectly to excitation of the dopaminergic neurons by the serotonergic neurons that connect to them. Essentially, the substances of abuse act on the reward pathways and cause these systems to shift out of their normal parameters by introducing excess stimuli, for example dopamine, in a short period of time. Public Health Problem In 2009 about 1 in 20 people worldwide ages 15 to 64 used an illegal drug. In North America alone, about 11% of the population between the ages of 15 to 64 us...
Amphetamines. 2) Cocaine Metabolites
