A cognitive model of PTSD Sample Clauses

A cognitive model of PTSD. Xxxxxx and Xxxxx (2000), in their cognitive model of PTSD, propose that PTSD becomes persistent in individuals whose processing of the event leads to a sense of serious current threat as a result of disturbances in autobiographical memory and idiosyncratic negative appraisals of the traumatic event and/or its sequelae. The threat can be either internal (e.g., a threat to one’s core view of oneself as a capable and/or acceptable person who will be able to achieve life’s important goals) or external (e.g., the world is a dangerous place, people are dangerous). The sense of current threat is accompanied by intrusions, arousal, and strong emotions such as anxiety, anger, shame, or sadness. These negative appraisals also lead to a series of dysfunctional cognitive and behavioural responses that have the short-term aim of reducing distress, but have the long-term consequence of preventing cognitive change and therefore maintain the disorder. As outlined above, Xxxxxx and Xxxxx (2000), in their cognitive model of PTSD, place great importance on the role of excessively negative appraisals of traumatic events and/or their sequelae, in the onset and maintenance of the disorder. Three types of negative trauma event appraisals have been distinguished by Foa, Ehlers, Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, and Xxxxxxx (1999) including, negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self-blame. These have been found to be associated with PTSD symptom severity in cross-sectional (e.g., Xxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxx, 2006; Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2003) and prospective analyses (e.g., Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 2008; X’Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2007). Consistent with the PTSD model, negative cognitions about the self and world, and self-blame have been found to correlate with the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms experienced by informal carers of stroke survivors (Xxxxx et al., 2010) and by parents of children with a serious illness (Xxxxxx, XxXxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2012). Furthermore, self-blame, conceptualised as a coping strategy has been associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in informal carers of patients with a life-threatening illness (Noble & Xxxxxx, 2008). In carers of people with psychosis, coping through self-blame has been associated with higher levels of distress (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2005). Xxxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, and Xxxxxxx (1996) also found that those relatives of people with psychosis who made self-blaming attributions experienced higher ...
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