Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Sample Clauses

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique method providing quantitative biochemical information from the selected volume of interest (VOI) inside the body non-invasively. It provides vital biological information at the molecular level. Combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an integrated MRI/MRS examination provides anatomical structure, pathological function, and biochemical information about a living system. MRS provides a link between the biochemical alterations and the pathophysiology of disease. MRS has been widely applied in human and animal studies examining a variety of tissues (43-47). The fundamental basis of MRS is governed by the same principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (48, 49). MRS requires a magnetic field and a radio frequency (RF) transmit pulse at a particular resonant frequency to observe the signal of a specific nucleus (e.g., 1H, 31P, 13C etc.) in the region of interest. The product of MRS is a ‗‗spectrum‘‘ with a frequency axis in parts per million (ppm) and a signal amplitude axis (50-54). The signal amplitude measures a particular metabolite concentration. Specific nuclei (e.g., 1H) from the metabolite, depending on their characteristic signature, give rise to either a single peak or multiple peaks that are uniquely shifted along the frequency axis, depending on their chemical environment. The shift dispersion increases with magnetic field strength. In vivo 1HMRS and 31P-MRS are the most widely used applications of MRS, but other nuclei that are used for MRS studies include 13C, 15N, 19F, and 23Na. A wide variety of spatial localization techniques are in use to localize the spectroscopic measurement in a specific volume of interest, or voxel. These methods rely on the spatial selection of slices by the application of frequency-selective RF pulses in the presence of a magnetic field gradient. Some of them require several acquisitions to achieve complete localization, whereas others can achieve localization in a single experiment (39). Among the most popular methods is point resolved spectroscopy (55, 56). The PRESS sequence is a double spin-echo sequence. Three slice-selective pulses (90°, 180°, 180°) along three orthogonal axes define three orthogonal slices, and make it possible to localize the signal in the voxel formed by the intersection of the three slices. Outer volume suppression schemes excite narrow slices positioned around the volume of interest to selectively remove unwanted signals fro...
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