Health Effects. Vinyl chloride is classified as an A, or a known human carcinogen. Vinyl chloride both as a vapor and in solution, is mutagenic in several biological assay systems. The evidence on its teratogenic and reproductive effects is equivocal, and therefore further research is necessary before the link between vinyl chloride and the observed animal effects can be positively established (US EPA, 1984a). 213 RISK ASSESSMENT PAGE 3-5 Chloroform Transport and Fate: Volatilization into the atmosphere is the major transport process for removal of chloroform from aquatic systems (US EPA, 1979). Photolysis, hydrolysis, and sorption do not appear to be significant environmental fate processes for chloroform. Although chloroform is somewhat lipophilic and tends to be found at higher concentrations in fatty tissues, there is no evidence for biomagnification in aquatic food chains (US EPA, 1979).
Health Effects. Chloroform is classified as a B2 carcinogen, meaning that it is a probable human carcinogen. This classification indicates that sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity exists in animals with inadequate or lack of evidence in humans. Oral doses of chloroform that caused maternal toxicity produced relatively mild fetal toxicity in the form of reduced birth weights. There are limited data suggesting that chloroform has mutagenic activity in some test systems (US EPA, 1980).
Health Effects. Methylene chloride is reported to be mutagenic in bacterial test systems. There is no conclusive evidence that methylene 214 chloride can produce teratogenic effects. Methylene chloride is classified as a B2 carcinogen, meaning that it is a probable human carcinogen (SPHEM, 1988). Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Examples of Health Effects in a sentence
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC) (2012), Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking Fact Sheet.
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EPA requirements specified in the Data Call-In Notice or other documents incorporated by reference (including, as applicable, EPA Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Data Reporting Guidelines, and GeneTox Health Effects Test Guidelines) regarding the design, conduct, and reporting of required studies.
What exposure conditions are likely to be of concern to humans, especially around hazardous waste sites?The chapter covers end points in the same order that they appear within the Discussion of Health Effects by Route of Exposure section, by route (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and within route by effect.
More Definitions of Health Effects
Health Effects. Trichloroethylene is carcinogenic in mice, and found to be mutagenic using several microbial assay systems. TCE is classified as a B2 or probable human carcinogen by the US EPA. The chemical does not appear to cause reproductive toxicity or teratogenicity. TCE has been shown to cause renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and dermatological reactions in animals following chronic exposures (IARC, 1979; NTP, 1982).
Health Effects. Benzene is a Group A, recognized human carcinogen (IARC, 1982). In both humans and animals, benzene exposure is associated with chromosomal damage, although it is not mutagenic in microorganisms. Benzene was fetotoxic and caused embryolethality in experimental animals. 215 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) Transport and Fate: Little is known of TCA's environmental fate. Photooxidation by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is probably the principal fate process for this chemical. Volatilization from aquatic and terrestrial systems is an important process in its environmental distribution.
Health Effects. The most notable toxic effects of 1,1,1-TCA in humans and animals are central nervous system depression, cardiovascular effects, and adverse effects to the lung, liver, and kidney. Irritation to the skin and mucous membranes has also been reported. There is some evidence that 1,1,1-TCA is mutagenic in a bacterial test system and that it causes transformations in cultured rat embryo cells (ACGIH, 1989).
Health Effects. Ethylbenzene has been selected by the National Toxicology Program to be tested for possible carcinogenicity, although negative results were obtained in mutagenicity assays. In recent animal studies, there was evidence that ethylbenzene causes adverse reproductive effects (US EPA 1984b).
Health Effects. There are no reports of carcinogenic or teratogenic activity by 1,2-trans-DCE in animals or humans. It is reportedly nonmutagenic in a variety of test systems. The regulatory limits and guidelines for each of the chemicals identified above are summarized in Table 3-1. The table identifies applicable occupational exposure limits (TLVs) that are considered to be exposures that do not pose a potential for health hazards to workers and, the comparable maximum inhaled doses that these exposures represent. The USEPA chemical classification, reference doses, and where applicable, the cancer potency factors are also identified. TABLE 3-1 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS AND EPA REFERENCE DOSES AND CARCINOGENIC POTENCY FACTORS FOR SOIL VAPOR COMPOUNDS OCCUPATIONAL EPA --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- Non-Carcinogenic TLV(a) Corresponding Maximum Chemical(d) Inhalation Inhalation Exposure Limit Inhaled Dose(c) Group RfD(e) CPF(f) Compound (mg/m(3)) (mg/kg/day) Classification (mg/kg/day) (mg/kg/day)(-1) -------- ------- ----------- -------------- ----------- --------------- Vinyl Chloride 10 2.1 A NA 0.795 Chloroform 50 10.7 B2 ND 0.081 (oral=0.01) Methylene Chloride 175 37.5 B2 ND 0.0016 (oral=0.06) Trichloroethylene (TCE) 270 57.9 B2 0.007 0.017(g) Benzene 30(b) 6.4 A 0.0007 0.029 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) 1900 407 ND 3.0 NA Ethlybenzene 435 93.2 ND ND NA (oral=0.1) 1,2-t-Dichloroethylene 790 169 ND ND NA (oral=0.02) ----------
Health Effects means the effects to be assessed for the classifications “very toxic”, “toxic”, “harmful”, “corrosive”, “irritant”, “sensitizing”, “carcinogenic”, “mutagenic” or “toxic for reproduction”.
Health Effects means any effect or potential effect, adverse or otherwise, to human health or the health of other living organisms.