EXHIBIT d(14)
INVESTMENT SUB-ADVISORY AGREEMENT
This AGREEMENT made effective the 20th day of December, 2004, by and between THE
VARIABLE ANNUITY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, hereinafter referred to as "VALIC," and
A I M CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, INC., hereinafter referred to as the "SUB-ADVISER."
VALIC and the SUB-ADVISER recognize the following:
(a) VALIC is a life insurance company organized under Chapter 3 of
the Texas Insurance Code and an investment adviser registered
under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended
("Advisers Act").
(b) VALIC is engaged as the investment adviser of VALIC Company I
("VC I"), pursuant to an Investment Advisory Agreement between
VALIC and VC I, an investment company organized under the
general corporate laws of Maryland as a series type of
investment company issuing separate classes (or series) of
shares of common stock. VC I is registered as an open-end,
management investment company under the Investment Company Act
of 1940, as amended ("1940 Act"). The 1940 Act prohibits any
person from acting as an investment adviser of a registered
investment company except pursuant to a written contract.
(c) VC I currently consists of twenty-four portfolios ("Funds"):
Asset Allocation Fund
Blue Chip Growth Fund
Capital Conservation Fund
Core Equity Fund
Government Securities Fund
Growth & Income Fund
Health Sciences Fund
Income & Growth Fund
Inflation Protected Fund
International Equities Fund
International Government Bond Fund
International Growth I Fund
Large Cap Growth Fund
Large Capital Growth Fund
Mid Cap Index Fund
Mid Capital Growth Fund
Money Market I Fund
Nasdaq-100(R) Index Fund
Science & Technology Fund
Small Cap Fund
Small Cap Index Fund
Social Awareness Fund
Stock Index Fund
Value Fund
In accordance with VC I's Articles of Incorporation (the
"Articles"), new Funds may be added to VC I upon approval of
VC I's Board of Directors without the approval of Fund
shareholders. This Agreement will apply only to the Covered
Fund(s) set forth on the attached Schedule A, and any other
Funds as may be added or deleted by amendment to the attached
Schedule A ("Covered Fund(s)").
(d) The SUB-ADVISER is engaged principally in the business of
rendering investment advisory services and is registered as an
investment adviser under the Advisers Act.
(e) VALIC desires to enter into an Investment Sub-Advisory
Agreement with the SUB-ADVISER for all or a portion of the
assets of the Covered Fund(s) which VALIC determines from time
to time to assign to the SUB-ADVISER.
VALIC and the SUB-ADVISER agree as follows:
1. SERVICES RENDERED AND EXPENSES PAID BY THE SUB-ADVISER
The SUB-ADVISER, subject to the control, direction, and supervision of
VALIC and VC I's Board of Directors and in material conformity with the
1940 Act, all applicable laws and regulations thereunder, all other
applicable federal and state securities and tax laws and regulations,
including section 817(h) and Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the "Code"), VC I's Articles, Bylaws, registration
statements, prospectus and stated investment objectives, policies and
restrictions and any applicable procedures adopted by VC I's Board of
Directors and provided to the SUB-ADVISER in writing, shall:
(a) manage the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the
Covered Fund(s) including, for example, the evaluation of
pertinent economic, statistical, financial, and other data,
the determination of the industries and companies to be
represented in each Covered Fund's portfolio, and the
formulation and implementation of investment programs.
(b) maintain a trading desk and place orders for the purchase and
sale of portfolio investments (including futures contracts and
options thereon) for each Covered Fund's account with brokers
or dealers (including futures commission merchants) selected
by the SUB-ADVISER, or arrange for any other entity to provide
a trading desk and to place orders with brokers and dealers
(including futures commission merchants) selected by the
SUB-ADVISER, subject to the SUB-ADVISER's control, direction,
and supervision, which brokers or dealers may include brokers
or dealers (including futures commission merchants) affiliated
with the SUB-ADVISER, subject to applicable law.
The SUB-ADVISER will assist the Covered Fund(s) and its agents in
determining whether prices obtained for valuation purposes accurately
reflect the prices on the SUB-ADVISER's portfolio records relating to the
assets of the Covered Fund(s) for which the SUB-ADVISER has responsibility
on a monthly basis (unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties hereto)
and at such other times as VALIC shall reasonably request; provided,
however, that the parties acknowledge that the SUB-ADVISER is not the fund
accounting agent for the Covered Fund(s) and is not responsible for
pricing determinations or calculations and any information provided
pursuant to this position by SUB-ADVISER will be provided for information
purposes only.
In performing the services described in paragraph (b) above, the
SUB-ADVISER shall use its best efforts to obtain for the Covered Fund(s)
the best execution of portfolio transactions. Subject to approval by VC
I's Board of Directors of appropriate policies and procedures, the
SUB-ADVISER may cause the Covered Fund(s) to pay to a broker a commission,
for effecting a portfolio transaction, in excess of the commission another
broker would have charged for effecting the same transaction, if the first
broker provided brokerage and/or research services to the SUB-ADVISER. The
SUB-ADVISER shall not be deemed to have acted unlawfully, or to have
breached any duty created by this Agreement, or otherwise, solely by
reason of acting in accordance with such authorization.
VALIC may direct the SUB-ADVISER to use a particular broker or dealer for
one or more trades if, in the sole opinion of VALIC, it is in the best
interest of the Covered Fund to do so. Any such direction shall be in
writing and in a form satisfactory to SUB-ADVISER.
VALIC authorizes and empowers the SUB-ADVISER to direct the Covered Fund's
Custodian to open and maintain brokerage accounts for securities and other
property, including financial and commodity futures and
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commodities and options thereon (all such accounts hereinafter called
"brokerage accounts") for and in the name of the Covered Fund(s) and to
execute for the Covered Fund(s) as its agent and attorney-in-fact standard
customer agreements with such broker or brokers as the SUB-ADVISER shall
select as provided above. With respect to brokerage accounts for financial
and commodity futures and commodities and options thereon, the SUB-ADVISER
shall select such brokers, as approved by VALIC, prior to the
establishment of such brokerage account. The SUB-ADVISER may, using such
of the securities and other property in the Covered Fund as the
SUB-ADVISER deems necessary or desirable, direct the Covered Fund's
Custodian to deposit for the Covered Fund original and maintenance
brokerage and margin deposits and otherwise direct payments of cash, cash
equivalents and securities and other property into such brokerage accounts
and to such brokers as the SUB-ADVISER deems desirable or appropriate.
The SUB-ADVISER shall maintain records adequately demonstrating compliance
with its obligations under this Agreement and report periodically to VALIC
and VC I's Board of Directors regarding the performance of its services
under this Agreement. The SUB-ADVISER will make available to VALIC and VC
I promptly upon their reasonable written request all of the Covered
Fund(s)' investment records and ledgers to assist VALIC and VC I in
compliance with respect to each Covered Fund's securities transactions as
required by the 1940 Act and the Advisers Act, as well as other applicable
laws. The SUB-ADVISER will furnish VC I's Board of Directors such periodic
and special reports as VALIC and VC I's Board of Directors may reasonably
request. The SUB-ADVISER will furnish to regulatory authorities any
information or reports in connection with such services which may be
requested in order to ascertain whether the operations of the Covered
Fund(s) are being conducted in a manner consistent with applicable laws
and regulations.
The SUB-ADVISER will not disclose or use any records or information
obtained pursuant to this Agreement in any manner whatsoever except as
expressly authorized in this Agreement, and will keep confidential any
non-public information obtained directly as a result of this service
relationship, and the SUB-ADVISER shall disclose such non-public
information only if VALIC or the Board of Directors of VC I has authorized
such disclosure, or if such information is or hereafter otherwise is known
by the SUB-ADVISER or has been disclosed, directly or indirectly, by VALIC
or VC I to others becomes ascertainable from public or published
information or trade sources, or if such disclosure is expressly required
or requested by applicable federal or state regulatory authorities, or to
the extent such disclosure is reasonably required by auditors or attorneys
of the SUB-ADVISER in connection with the performance of their
professional services. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the SUB-ADVISER may
disclose the total return earned by the Covered Fund(s) and may include
such total return in the calculation of composite performance information
without prior approval by VALIC or the Board of Directors of VC I.
The SUB-ADVISER will not hold money or investments on behalf of VC I. The
money and investments will be held by the Custodian of VC I. The
SUB-ADVISER will arrange for the transmission to the Custodian for VC I,
on a daily basis, such confirmation, trade tickets and other documents as
may be necessary to enable it to perform its administrative
responsibilities with respect to the Covered Fund(s). The SUB-ADVISER
further shall have the authority to instruct the Custodian of VC I (i) to
pay cash for securities and other property delivered to the Custodian for
VC I (ii) to deliver securities and other property against payment for VC
I, and (iii) to transfer assets and funds to such brokerage accounts as
the SUB-ADVISER may designate, all consistent with the powers, authorities
and limitations set forth herein. The SUB-ADVISER shall not have the
authority to cause the Custodian to deliver securities and other property
except as expressly provided for in this Agreement.
The SUB-ADVISER may aggregate sales and purchase orders of securities held
by the Covered Fund(s) with similar orders being made simultaneously for
other accounts managed by the SUB-ADVISER or with accounts of the
affiliates of the SUB-ADVISER, if in the SUB-ADVISER's reasonable judgment
such aggregation shall result in an overall economic benefit to the
Covered Fund considering the advantageous selling or purchase price,
brokerage commission and other expenses. In accounting for such aggregated
order price, commission and other expenses shall be averaged on a per bond
or share basis daily. VALIC acknowledges that the determination of such
economic benefit to the Covered Fund(s) by the SUB-ADVISER is subjective
and represents the SUB-ADVISER's evaluation that the Covered Fund(s) is
benefited by relatively better purchase
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or sales prices, lower commission expenses and beneficial timing of
transactions or a combination of these and other factors.
The SUB-ADVISER shall for all purposes herein be deemed to be an
independent contractor and shall, unless otherwise provided or authorized,
have no authority to act or represent VALIC or VC I other than in
furtherance of the SUB-ADVISER's duties and responsibilities as set forth
in this Agreement.
Except as otherwise agreed, or as otherwise provided herein, the
SUB-ADVISER shall bear the expense of discharging its responsibilities
hereunder and VALIC shall pay, or arrange for others to pay, all VALIC's
expenses, except that VALIC shall in all events pay the compensation
described in Section 2 of the Agreement. VALIC and SUB-ADVISER acknowledge
that VC I will be ultimately responsible for all brokerage commissions,
taxes, custodian fees and other transaction-related fees incurred on
behalf of the Covered Fund(s).
The SUB-ADVISER is hereby prohibited from consulting with any other
sub-adviser of the Covered Fund(s) (or a portion thereof) or any other
sub-adviser to a fund under common control with the Covered Fund(s) (or a
portion thereof) concerning securities transactions of the Covered Fund(s)
(or a portion thereof) in securities or other assets.
2. COMPENSATION OF THE SUB-ADVISER
VALIC shall pay to the SUB-ADVISER, as compensation for the services
rendered and expenses paid by the SUB-ADVISER, a monthly fee or fees based
on each Covered Fund's average daily net asset value computed for each
Covered Fund as provided for herein and in the fee schedule attached
hereto as Schedule A. Schedule A may be amended from time to time,
provided that amendments are made in conformity with applicable laws and
regulations and the Articles and Bylaws of VC I. Any change in Schedule A
pertaining to any new or existing Fund shall not be deemed to affect the
interest of any other Fund and shall not require the approval of
shareholders of any other Fund.
The average daily net asset value shall be determined by taking the mean
average of all of the determinations of net asset value, made in the
manner provided in VC I's Declaration, for each business day during a
given calendar month. VALIC shall pay this fee for each calendar month as
soon as practicable after the end of that month, but in any event no later
than ten (10) business days following the end of the month.
If the SUB-ADVISER serves for less than a whole month, the foregoing
compensation shall be prorated.
The payment of advisory fees related to the services of the SUB-ADVISER
under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of VALIC and shall
not be the responsibility of VC I.
3. SCOPE OF THE SUB-ADVISER'S ACTIVITIES
VALIC understands that the SUB-ADVISER and its affiliates now act, will
continue to act and may act in the future as investment adviser to
fiduciary and other managed accounts and as investment adviser to other
investment companies, and VALIC has no objection to the SUB-ADVISER so
acting, provided that whenever a Covered Fund(s) and one or more other
accounts or investment companies advised by the SUB-ADVISER have available
funds for investment, investments suitable and appropriate for each will
be allocated in accordance with a methodology believed by the SUB-ADVISER
to be equitable to each entity. The SUB-ADVISER similarly agrees to
allocate opportunities to sell securities. VALIC recognizes that, in some
cases, this procedure may limit the size of the position that may be
acquired or sold for a Covered Fund(s). In addition, VALIC understands
that the persons employed by the SUB-ADVISER to assist in the performance
of the SUB-ADVISER's duties hereunder will not devote their full time to
such service and nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit or
restrict the right of the SUB-ADVISER or any affiliate of the SUB-ADVISER
to engage in and devote time and attention to other business or to render
services of whatever kind or nature.
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Except as otherwise required by the 1940 Act, any of the shareholders,
directors, officers and employees of VALIC may be a shareholder, director,
officer or employee of, or be otherwise interested in, the SUB-ADVISER,
and in any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with
the SUB-ADVISER; and the SUB-ADVISER, and any person controlling,
controlled by or under common control with the SUB-ADVISER, may have an
interest in VALIC.
The SUB-ADVISER shall not be liable to VALIC, VC I, or to any shareholder
in the Covered Fund(s), and VALIC shall indemnify the SUB-ADVISER, for any
act or omission in rendering services under this Agreement, or for any
losses sustained in connection with the matters to which this agreement
relates, so long as there has been no willful misfeasance, bad faith,
gross negligence, or reckless disregard of obligations or duties on the
part of the SUB-ADVISER in performing its duties under this Agreement.
VALIC shall perform quarterly and annual tax compliance tests and promptly
furnish reports of such tests to the SUB-ADVISER after each quarter end to
ensure that the Covered Fund(s) is in compliance with Subchapter M of the
Code and Section 817(h) of the Code. VALIC shall apprise the SUB-ADVISER
promptly after each quarter end of any potential non-compliance with the
diversification requirements in such Code provisions. If so advised, the
SUB-ADVISER shall take prompt action so that the Covered Fund complies
with such Code diversification provisions, as directed by VALIC.
4. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SUB-ADVISER AND VALIC
The SUB-ADVISER represents, warrants, and agrees as follows:
(a) The SUB-ADVISER (i) is registered as an investment adviser
under the Advisers Act and will continue to be so registered
for so long as this Agreement remains in effect: (ii) is not
prohibited by the 1940 Act or the Advisers Act from performing
the services contemplated by this Agreement; (iii) has met,
and will continue to meet for so long as this Agreement
remains in effect, any applicable federal or state
requirements, or the applicable requirements of any regulatory
or industry self-regulatory agency, necessary to be met in
order to perform the services contemplated by this Agreement,
(iv) has the authority to enter into and perform the services
contemplated by this Agreement, and (v) will immediately
notify VALIC of the occurrence of any event that would
disqualify the SUB-ADVISER from serving as an investment
adviser of an investment company pursuant to Section 9(a) of
the 1940 Act or otherwise.
(b) The SUB-ADVISER has adopted a written code of ethics complying
with the requirements of Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act and if
it has not already done so, will provide VALIC and VC I with a
copy of such code of ethics together with evidence of its
adoption.
(c) The SUB-ADVISER has provided VALIC and VC I with a copy of its
Form ADV as most recently filed with the SEC and will promptly
after filing any amendment to its Form ADV with the SEC,
furnish a copy of such amendment to VALIC.
VALIC represents, warrants, and agrees as follows:
VALIC: (i) is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers
Act and will continue to be so registered for so long as this
Agreement remains in effect: (ii) is not prohibited by the 1940 Act
or the Advisers Act from performing the services contemplated by
this Agreement; (iii) has met, and will continue to meet for so long
as this Agreement remains in effect, any applicable federal or state
requirements, or the applicable requirements of any regulatory or
industry self-regulatory agency, necessary to be met in order to
perform the services contemplated by this Agreement, (iv) has the
authority to enter into and perform the services contemplated by
this Agreement, and (v) will immediately notify the SUB-ADVISER of
the occurrence of any event that would disqualify VALIC
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from serving as an investment adviser of an investment company
pursuant to Section 9(a) of the 1940 Act or otherwise.
5. TERM OF AGREEMENT
This Agreement shall become effective as to the Covered Fund(s) set forth
on Schedule A on the date hereof and as to any other Fund on the date of
the Amendment to Schedule A adding such Fund in accordance with this
Agreement. Unless sooner terminated as provided herein, this Agreement
shall continue in effect for two years from its effective date.
Thereafter, this Agreement shall continue in effect, but with respect to
any Covered Fund, subject to the termination provisions and all other
terms and conditions hereof, only so long as such continuance is approved
at least annually by the vote of a majority of VC I's directors who are
not parties to this Agreement or interested persons of any such parties,
cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such
approval, and by a vote of a majority of VC I's Board of Directors or a
majority of that Covered Fund's outstanding voting securities.
This Agreement shall automatically terminate in the event of its
assignment as that term is defined in the 1940 Act, or in the event of the
termination of the Investment Advisory Agreement between VALIC and VC I as
it relates to any Covered Fund(s). The Agreement may be terminated as to
any Covered Fund at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by vote
of VC I's Board of Directors or by vote of a majority of that Covered
Fund's outstanding voting securities on not more than 60 days' nor less
than 30 days' written notice to the SUB-ADVISER, or upon such shorter
notice as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties. This Agreement may
also be terminated by VALIC: (i) on not more than 60 days' nor less than
30 days' written notice to the SUB-ADVISER, or upon such shorter notice as
may be mutually agreed upon by the parties, without the payment of any
penalty; or (ii) if the SUB-ADVISER becomes unable to discharge its duties
and obligations under this Agreement. The SUB-ADVISER may terminate this
Agreement at any time, or preclude its renewal without the payment of any
penalty, on not more than 60 days' nor less than 30 days' written notice
to VALIC, or upon such shorter notice as may be mutually agreed upon by
the parties.
6. OTHER MATTERS
The SUB-ADVISER may from time to time employ or associate with itself any
person or persons believed to be particularly fit to assist in its
performance of services under this Agreement, provided no such person
serves or acts as an investment adviser separate from the SUB-ADVISER so
as to require a new written contract pursuant to the 1940 Act. The
compensation of any such persons will be paid by the SUB-ADVISER, and no
obligation will be incurred by, or on behalf of, VALIC or the Covered
Fund(s) with respect to them.
The SUB-ADVISER agrees that all books and records which it maintains for
the Covered Fund(s) are the Covered Fund's property. The SUB-ADVISER also
agrees upon request of VALIC or VC I, to promptly surrender the books and
records in accordance with the 1940 Act and rules thereunder. The
SUB-ADVISER further agrees to preserve for the periods prescribed by Rule
31a-2 under the 1940 Act the records required to be maintained by Rule
31a-1 under the 1940 Act.
VALIC has herewith furnished the SUB-ADVISER copies of VC I's Prospectus,
Statement of Additional Information, Articles and Bylaws, investment
objectives, policies and restrictions, and any applicable procedures
adopted by VC I's Board of Directors, as currently in effect and agrees
during the continuance of this Agreement to furnish the SUB-ADVISER copies
of any amendments or supplements thereto before or at the time the
amendments or supplements become effective. Until VALIC delivers any
amendments or supplements to the SUB-ADVISER, the SUB-ADVISER shall be
fully protected in relying on the documents previously furnished to it.
The SUB-ADVISER is authorized to honor and act on any notice, instruction
or confirmation given by VALIC on behalf of the Covered Fund in writing
signed or sent by any of the persons whose names, addresses and specimen
signatures will be provided by VALIC from time to time. The SUB-ADVISER
shall not be liable for
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so acting in good faith upon such instructions, confirmation or authority,
notwithstanding that it shall subsequently be shown that the same was not
given or signed or sent by an authorized person.
VALIC agrees to furnish the SUB-ADVISER at its principal office prior to
use thereof, copies of all prospectuses, proxy statements, reports to
shareholders, sales literature, or other material prepared for
distribution to shareholders of the Covered Fund or the public that refer
in any way to the SUB-ADVISER, and not to use such material if the
SUB-ADVISER reasonably objects in writing within ten (10) business days
(or such other time as may be mutually agreed) after receipt thereof. In
the event of termination of this agreement, VALIC will continue to furnish
to the SUB-ADVISER copies of any of the above-mentioned materials that
refer in any way to the SUB-ADVISER. VALIC shall furnish or otherwise make
available to the SUB-ADVISER such other information relating to the
business affairs of VALIC and the Covered Fund as the SUB-ADVISER at any
time, or from time to time, may reasonably request in order to discharge
obligations hereunder.
VALIC agrees to indemnify the SUB-ADVISER for losses, costs, fees,
expenses and claims which arise directly or indirectly (i) as a result of
a failure by VALIC to provide the services or furnish materials required
under the terms of this Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, or (ii) as the
result of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state
a material fact required to be stated or necessary to make the statements,
in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading
in any registration statements, proxy materials, reports, advertisements,
sales literature, or other materials pertaining to the Covered Fund,
except insofar as any such statement or omission was specifically made in
reliance on written information provided by the SUB-ADVISER to VALIC.
The SUB-ADVISER agrees to indemnify VALIC for losses and claims which
arise (i) as a result of the willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross
negligence or reckless disregard of obligations or duties by the
SUB-ADVISER; or (ii) as the result of any untrue statement of a material
fact or any omission to state a material fact required to be stated or
necessary to make the statements, in light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading in any registration statements, proxy
materials, reports, advertisements, sales literature, or other materials
pertaining to the Covered Fund to the extent that such statement or
omission was specifically made in reliance on written information provided
by the SUB-ADVISER to VALIC.
7. APPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS
This Agreement shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the
State of Texas and applicable federal securities laws and regulations,
including definitions therein and such exemptions as may be granted to
VALIC or the SUB-ADVISER by the Securities and Exchange Commission or such
interpretive positions as may be taken by the Commission or its staff. To
the extent that the applicable law of the State of Texas, or any of the
provisions herein, conflict with applicable provisions of the federal
securities laws, the latter shall control.
8. AMENDMENT AND WAIVER
Provisions of this Agreement may be amended, waived, discharged or
terminated only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against
which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is
sought. The Agreement may be amended by mutual written consent of the
parties, subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules and
regulations promulgated and orders granted thereunder.
9. NOTICES
All notices hereunder shall be given in writing (and shall be deemed to
have been duly given upon receipt) by delivery in person, by facsimile, by
registered or certified mail or by overnight delivery (postage prepaid,
return receipt requested) to VALIC and to SUB-ADVISER at the address of
each set forth below:
If to VALIC:
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Attn: Xxxx X. Xxxxxx, Esq.
0000 Xxxxx Xxxxxxx
Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx 00000
Tel: (000) 000-0000
Fax: (000) 000-0000
If to SUB-ADVISER:
AIM Legal Department
A I M Capital Management, Inc.
00 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx 000
Xxxxxxx, XX 00000
ATTN: Xxx Xxxxxxxx, Associate General Counsel
Tel: (000) 000-0000
Fax: (000) 000-0000
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The parties hereto have each caused this Agreement to be signed in duplicate on
its behalf by its duly authorized officer on the above date.
THE VARIABLE ANNUITY LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY
By: /s/ Xxxx X. Xxxxxxxxx
-------------------------------------
Name:___________________________________
Title:__________________________________
ATTEST:
Attest: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxx
------------------------------
Name:________________________________
Title:_______________________________
A I M CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, INC.
By: /s/ Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxx, Xx.
-------------------------------------
Name:___________________________________
Title:__________________________________
ATTEST:
Attest: /s/ Xxxx X. Xxxx
------------------------------
Name:________________________________
Title:_______________________________
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