W h Sample Clauses

W h a t i s a r o b o t ? In order to propose a regulatory framework for robotics, it has been necessary to provide an explication of the term “robot” that could constitute the basis for the ethical and legal analysis. As a matter of fact, the term “robot” can mean different things to different people, since there is no agreement on its meaning neither among professional users (i.e. roboticists) nor among laypeople. Virtual robots, softbots, nanorobots, biorobotics, bionics, androids, humanoids, cyborgs, drones, exoskeletons are just some of the terms currently used to designate a robot, or some aspects of it, in scientific and popular languages. If, on the one hand, the number of “things” that are becoming “robotics” is increasing due to the trend toward the convergence of science and technologies as well as due to an indiscriminate use of the term robot in popular and academic language, on the other hand, it becomes increasingly difficult to point out the elements that make robots unique with respect to other “things”. The words of Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, one of the fathers of robotics, are emblematic of the difficulties in defining a robot: ‘I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see one’ (Xxxxxxxxxxx, 1989). It is worth noting that far from solving the issue here, in the next paragraphs we will describe how the variety of meanings associated to the word “robot” has been addressed within the RoboLaw project. According to the most widespread understanding, a robot is an autonomous machine able to perform human actions. Three complementary attributes emerge from such a definition of robot: They concern: 1) physical nature: it is believed that a robot is unique since it can displace itself in the environment and carry out actions in the physical world. Such a distinctive capability is based on the assumption that a robot must possess a physical body. Indeed, robots are usually referred to as machines;5 2) autonomy: in robotics it means the capability of carrying out an action on its own, namely, without human intervention. Autonomy is usually assumed to be a key factor in qualifying a thing as a “robot” or as “robotic”. In fact, in almost all dictionaries definitions, including authoritative sources such as the International Standard Organisation (ISO 13482), there is always a reference to autonomy.6 Finally, 3) human likeness: the similarity to human beings. The idea that a robot should be humanoid in its appearance and behaviour is deeply rooted in the im...
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