Toxins. Toxic chemicals released into the environment from activities such as mining, agriculture, mosquito abatement, and chemical controls can have lethal and sublethal effects on amphibians (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxx and Xxxxx 1992; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2001). No data have been reported on the relationship between agricultural toxins/mosquito abatement and amphibians in Nevada, but this relationship remains a potential threat. Toxins released as a result of mining activities are discussed above. The effects on Columbia spotted frogs of toxins released as a result of non-native trout stream treatment require further study. Xxxx-breathing tadpoles are most likely to be negatively affected (e.g., killed outright), but the effects of rotenone on frogs and other wet-skinned, cutaneous breathing amphibians need further study and should be regarded as potential threats to Columbia spotted frogs (Xxxxxxxx 1982; Fontenet et al. 1994; XxXxxx and Xxxxxxx 1996).
Toxins. Animal toxins are typically small molecules found, for example, on the skin surface of some amphibians as secretions. The origin of these toxins is not always known, but in at least some cases, are not synthesised by the toxic animal itself, but by some organism in its diet (such as a plant or microorganism). Several species of amphibians and fishes produce the small molecule neurotoxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) or bufagenin (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2015). The presence of these toxins serves for protection against predators. Some snakes preying on toxic amphibians have evolved resistance to these toxins (Figure 1 (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2016). Prey and predator interaction against TTX is one of the examples often cited of an evolutionary arms race (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx et al., 2016). Interestingly, in this example, both prey (Taricha granulosa) and predator (Thamnophis sirtalis) have developed resistance to TTX (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx et al., 2015; Xxxxxxxxx, Xx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2005). The physiological action of TTX is to block the function of the sodium channel in neurons (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1974; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 1997b). Bufagenin inhibits the activity of cardiac muscle Na+/K+- ATPase (Xxxxxx et al., 2015). Resistance to bufagenin in some snakes, lizards and mammals is attributed to a mutation in the ATP1a3 gene coding for Na+/K+-ATPase (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxx et al., 2017c; Xxxxxx et al., 2015).
Toxins. Landlord warrants the Building and property contain no toxins, in particular asbestos and PCB’s. • AIR QUALITY: Landlord warrants the Building meets all generally accepted indoor air quality guidelines and standards for an office environment. Landlord agrees to conduct an annual air quality survey in conformance with the above standards upon Tenant’s written request.
Toxins. Any load of corn that tests positive for microtoxins or other toxins will be rejected. However, it is agreed that MFC is responsible only to use “black light” testing to determine the existence of such toxins. If HWE desires additional testing, it shall give written notice to MFC and HWE shall pay all costs of such additional testing. This discount schedule is subject to change as market conditions dictate providing both MFC and HWE mutually agree to any change in writing.
Toxins. While biological toxins are not “alive” and do not self-replicate, toxin-contaminated materials require treatment before re-use or disposal. There is no one protocol that is suitable for all biological toxins; each toxin must be assessed for appropriate destruction methods.
Toxins. Microbial, Plant, Animal Poisonous substances produced by plants, living organisms or animals. Tissue & organ damage or death. Plants – Ricin Animals – fish / Reptile venom Microbials – Staphyloccus, Tetanus Parent/Legal Guardian signature: _ Date: RULES FOR MINORS IN LABORATORIES AND SHOPS
Toxins. Toxic chemicals released into the environment from activities such as mining, agriculture, mosquito abatement, and herbicide or pesticide application can have lethal and sublethal effects on amphibians (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxx and Xxxxx 1992; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2001). No data have been reported on the relationship between agricultural toxins/mosquito abatement and amphibians in Nevada, but it remains a potential threat. The effects on spotted frogs of toxins released as a result of non-native trout stream treatment require further study. Xxxx-breathing tadpoles are most likely to be negatively affected (e.g., killed outright), but the effects of rotenone on frogs and other wet-skinned, cutaneous breathing amphibians need further study and should be regarded as a potential threat to spotted frog populations (Xxxxxxxx 1982; Xxxxxxxx et al. 1994; XxXxxx and Bettoli 1996).
Toxins. Hemolysins are common virulence determinants present in many pathogenic organisms. P. mirablis encodes two, hpmA and hpmB, and the expression of both is associated with swarmer cells (64, 65). Clinical isolates have higher hemolytic activity than environmental isolates, and hpmA mutants are less cytotoxic against human renal cells (2, 66, 67). Hemolysin was once thought to be a factor in bacterial spread to the kidneys leading to pyelonephritis during ascending UTI (68). Surprisingly hpmA mutants are not significantly impaired in their ability to colonize the urinary tracts of mice unless flagella are not present (69), and hemolysin expression is not upregulated in vivo (52). Proteus toxic agglutinin (Pta) is a multi-functional outer membrane auto- transporter that mediates P. mirabilis cell-to-cell aggregation and contains a catalytically active α-protease domain that lyses uroepithelial cells (58, 70). Inactivation of pta results in reduced cytotoxicity and colonization of the murine urinary tract by P. mirabilis (70, 71). Interestingly, hpmA pta double mutants have reduced pathology compared to each mutation alone, possibly indicating an additive effect of both proteins on uroepithelial cell lysis (71). This could explain why loss of hpmA does not significantly affect urinary tract colonization.
