THC. As will be mentioned in the article below, more recent naturalistic studies have found that cannabis products which contain higher levels of CBD are less psychotogenic and cognitively impairing (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2008; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2011). Epidemiological studies have also suggested that cannabis with higher CBD content poses less risk of psychosis (Di Forti et al., 2009). As previously mentioned, orally or inhaled ∆9-THC suffers from unpredictable absorption and irregular inter-individual bioavailability (Grotenhermen, 2003). The aim of the below study is to explore the protective effects of CBD on ∆9-THC induced paranoia, psychosis and memory impairment, making use of IV ∆9-THC administration to reduce inter-individual bioavailability. The initial plan of the below study was to use an intravenous administration for both ∆9-THC and CBD, although the license to import IV CBD had expired and we were forced to use oral CBD instead. Oral CBD goes through first pass metabolism and may result in significantly higher levels of its metabolites (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx, 1990), which may serve as a confound if they are pharmacologically active or interfere with the pharmacology of CBD and ∆9-THC. Furthermore, the method of using two modes of administration (oral and intravenous) lacks ecological validity, as a user would be exposed to both cannabinoids simultaneously when either inhaling or ingesting cannabis. The choice of the dose for oral CBD (600mg) was based on previously shown anxiolytic (Bergamaschi et al., 2011) and anti-psychotic effect (Xxxxxx et al., 2012), as well as preliminary pharmacokinetic data from a previous study (Xxxxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2010). The dose of IV ∆9-THC (1.5mg) was based on previous studies from our lab (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2009, 2011; Xxxxxx et al., 2011) where both the 1.25mg and 2.5mg doses significantly impaired cognition and induced psychotic symptoms, the latter dose being found to be subjectively very unpleasant for study participants. Cannabidiol inhibits ∆9-THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment Amir Englund1, Xxxx D Morrison1, Xxxxxx Nottage1, Xxxxxxx Hague1, Fergus Kane1, Stefania Bonaccorso1, Xxxxx M Stone2, Avi Reichenberg1, Xxxxxx Brenneisen3, Xxxxx Holt4, Xxxxxx Feilding5, Lucy Walker1, Xxxxx M Murray1, Xxxxxx Kapur1 1The Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK 2Department of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 3Depar...
THC. This may suggest an increase as an effect of participants becoming more fatigued as the experimental day went on. There was however no increase of alpha in the CBD group following ∆9-THC which may be explained as a synergistic effect of ∆9-THC and CBD. Xxxxxx and colleagues found that MMN was significantly increased by cannabis extract containing both ∆9-THC and CBD, while there was no change under ∆9-THC alone (Xxxxxx et al., 2007). They argued that this might indicate a beneficial effect of the combination of ∆9-THC and CBD as reduced MMN has been previously been associated with schizophrenia (Xxxxxx et al., 1995). This would not seem to be the case in this study as there was still an increase of positive psychotic symptoms in the CBD group following ∆9-THC, albeit less than in the placebo group. Alpha rhythms are commonly seen in the occipital cortex when the participant’s eyes are closed, which is said to reflect cortical networks in “stand-by” (Xxxxxxxx, 2010). More recently it has been argued that alpha may be viewed as representing functional inhibition of processes which are not related to the task at hand (Xxxxxxx et al., 2007). This would seem to fit in with the results from the current study as alpha amplitude decreased the more participant’s had to focus on the task (increased WM load), as well as alpha increasing for each subsequent testing session (participant fatigue). Bi-frontal alpha coherence was significantly reduced following ∆9-THC, an effect which was absent in the CBD pre-treated group. Coherence in the alpha band has been related to long-distance communication between cortical regions (xxx Xxxxx et al., 2000). A reduction in coherence following ∆9-THC may therefore reflect reduced communication between frontal regions due to ∆9-THC, resulting in impairments to perception and cognition. Similar to amplitude, alpha coherence was not reduced following ∆9-THC in the CBD group, which may suggest a protective effect of CBD. However, this seems unlikely as alpha coherence was not correlated with positive symptoms, as previously demonstrated in a similar study with intravenous ∆9-THC (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2011). Similarly to theta, CBD did not influence alpha amplitude or coherence. Delta There was no significant effect of CBD alone on delta amplitude. However, amplitude was significantly increased by ∆9-THC, and this increase was more pronounced in frontal and temporal regions compared to other locations. Similar to what was seen in alpha, the...
THC. It is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinoide of the Cannabis, psychoactive component and which is subject of regulation; other THC, such as the delta - 8, the THC a, or the THC b, are not subject to regulation.
THC. 16. The Licensee acknowledges that they are required to notify the Department at least 30 days before the date they intend to begin harvesting, and that sampling and testing will take place at times and on dates determined by the Department, pursuant to Wis. Admin. Code § ATCP 22.09.
