{"component": "clause", "props": {"groups": [{"snippet_links": [{"key": "subject-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [124, 134]}, {"key": "this-article", "type": "definition", "offset": [259, 271]}, {"key": "according-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [359, 371]}, {"key": "in-the-central", "type": "clause", "offset": [453, 467]}, {"key": "isolated-area", "type": "definition", "offset": [530, 543]}, {"key": "refer-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [700, 708]}, {"key": "in-general", "type": "clause", "offset": [726, 736]}, {"key": "the-area", "type": "clause", "offset": [751, 759]}], "size": 2, "snippet": "\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (referred to as \u0161\u0161el\u1e25a by the speakers themselves, i.e. by the Morrocan Arabic name for Berber) has been the subject of few studies in the past. The first study is an article by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 from the colonial period (Colin, 1929). In this article he attempted to give an explanation for the existence of this isolated Berber variant. According to him the major trade routs from Fes to the ports of Tangier in the west and Bades in the central Rif caused the spread of Arabic. Only the geographically most isolated area behind the major mountainous chain, the highest peak of which is the Tidighine (2452 meter), 1 Tamazight is the recently introduced term used by Berbers to refer to Berber languages in general. Depending on the area the name is used by the speakers for their own language.", "samples": [{"hash": "f09mYCLiBEt", "uri": "/contracts/f09mYCLiBEt#previous-studies", "label": "Not Applicable", "score": 23.9257717133, "published": true}, {"hash": "j1fOQThFWUJ", "uri": "/contracts/j1fOQThFWUJ#previous-studies", "label": "N/A", "score": 21.5434627533, "published": true}], "hash": "0154a5fd6d92a01ca0166e3e02256de7", "id": 1}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "an-overview", "type": "clause", "offset": [123, 134]}, {"key": "preliminary-analysis", "type": "clause", "offset": [168, 188]}, {"key": "native-people", "type": "definition", "offset": [403, 416]}, {"key": "information-on", "type": "clause", "offset": [896, 910]}, {"key": "particular-words", "type": "clause", "offset": [990, 1006]}, {"key": "cultural-heritage", "type": "clause", "offset": [1338, 1355]}, {"key": "in-\u2587", "type": "clause", "offset": [1465, 1469]}, {"key": "preliminary-work", "type": "clause", "offset": [1489, 1505]}, {"key": "a-general", "type": "clause", "offset": [1530, 1539]}, {"key": "the-current", "type": "clause", "offset": [1551, 1562]}, {"key": "members-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1591, 1605]}], "size": 2, "snippet": "Thus far to my knowledge only Pungak (1976a) has dealt exclusively with the linguistic aspects of Mualang. Pungak provides an overview of the segmental phonology and a preliminary analysis of some morphological and syntactic features. Her being aware of the existence of the so-called postploded nasals and phonological alternation of high versus mid vowels in the language is particularly noted, since native people are usually not aware of these features. She must also be credited for her attempts to produce a lexicon of Mualang (Pungak 1976b). Although not intended as grammatical studies, Dunselman\u2019s works (1954, 1955, 1959a and b) present linguistic data which appeared helpful for my understanding of the language. They provide texts that are very accurately transcribed, despite some inconcistencies regarding high-mid vowel alternations. Especially his footnotes present much valuable information on various aspects (e.g. meaning, word- borrowing, pronunciation, etc.) regarding particular words or expressions. He was also aware of the contrast between words with \u201cpostploded nasals\u201d versus those with plain ones. With those published later in Paternus (2001) Dunselman\u2019s annotated texts are the only texts of \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2019s oral tradition that have thus far been written down; they are the most extensive documentation of Mualang cultural heritage. Unfortunately, Dunselman\u2019s works are available only in Dutch. Some information on Mualang can also be found in \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2004). This preliminary work is helpful in providing a general picture on the current linguistic situation of the members of the Ibanic subgroup.15", "samples": [{"hash": "cfMn1KpSXfJ", "uri": "/contracts/cfMn1KpSXfJ#previous-studies", "label": "Not Applicable", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "c5QrtZ5XJ4l", "uri": "/contracts/c5QrtZ5XJ4l#previous-studies", "label": "Not Applicable", "score": 19.0, "published": true}], "hash": "f439b9e1b6fe17bc2cfbe88157e79567", "id": 2}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "relating-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [63, 74]}, {"key": "see-appendix-a", "type": "clause", "offset": [244, 258]}, {"key": "the-community", "type": "clause", "offset": [322, 335]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "definition", "offset": [569, 577]}, {"key": "interpretation-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [822, 839]}, {"key": "description-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [972, 986]}, {"key": "living-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [1025, 1034]}, {"key": "beginning-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1175, 1191]}, {"key": "in-addition", "type": "clause", "offset": [1396, 1407]}, {"key": "related-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1434, 1444]}, {"key": "local-people", "type": "definition", "offset": [1815, 1827]}, {"key": "the-villages", "type": "definition", "offset": [2010, 2022]}, {"key": "coastal-areas", "type": "definition", "offset": [2418, 2431]}, {"key": "the-western", "type": "clause", "offset": [2666, 2677]}, {"key": "in-general", "type": "clause", "offset": [2763, 2773]}, {"key": "present-study", "type": "clause", "offset": [3000, 3013]}], "size": 2, "snippet": "Previous studies of Alorese oral history mainly discuss themes relating to the history of wars, political alliances, myths, and legends about the beginnings of a given Alorese group. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1969) is one of the first descriptions of Alorese 6 See Appendix A for the complete questionnaire. oral history, which focuses on the community settled in northeast Pantar. This publication was the first to reveal narratives about the arrival of people from Java and a war between \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and Pandai. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1993) discusses political alliances among several Alorese kingdoms based on oral history. The political alliances were used to display Alorese traditional values in creating harmony among communities inhabiting areas of Alor-Pantar, which experienced frequent local conflicts. This depiction from Gomang is based on the interpretation of oral history obtained from three villages on the Alor Peninsula, namely Alor Besar, Alor Kecil, and Dulolong. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2006) is a description of oral narratives of the Alorese people living in northeast Pantar. This study focuses on the discussion of Alorese myths, legends, and forms of rituals. The myths include stories about the beginning of the Alorese people in the mountains of northeast Pantar, particularly in the village of Helangdohi. Here can be found a legend about two babies who are believed to be the ancestors of today\u2019s Alorese people. In addition, several forms of rituals related to story telling are described in this study. Wellfelt (2016) seeks to understand themes relating to indigenous history, socio-geographic grouping, local actors, and colonial interference in many communities across Alor Island. This study develops a method called historyscapes, in which various heterogeneous sources are incorporated to understand the connections between local people and non-existent geographical references. One chapter discusses the historyscape of the Alor Peninsula (Wellfelt, 2016:228\u2013287), covering the history of the Alorese people living in the villages of Alor Besar, Alor Kecil, Dulolong, and on Ternate and Buaya. The discussion concerns stories about ancestors and conflicts among communities on Alor. In linguistic studies of the Alorese language, it is usually stated that the Alorese speakers are descendants of groups migrating eastward from the Lamaholot area, which includes the eastern part of Flores, and the islands Adonara, Solor, and coastal areas of Lembata (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2010:25; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2011:8; Moro, 2018:180, 2019:381; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2020:116). Based on legends about the arrival of a Javanese king who came to Pantar around 600 years ago, it has been suggested that the groups from the Western Lamaholot area settled on Pantar roughly in the the fourteenth or fifteenth century. In general, studies of Alorese oral history have focused on specific Alorese groups living on the Alor Peninsula and in northeastern Pantar. The oral history of groups living in the western part of Pantar has not yet been described. The present study is the first to describe Alorese oral history from a wider perspective, including Alorese groups living across the whole Alor-Pantar archipelago.", "samples": [{"hash": "iAceTNEXkrd", "uri": "/contracts/iAceTNEXkrd#previous-studies", "label": "Lot Dissertation Series", "score": 25.0616016388, "published": true}], "hash": "225dec7811d05f9ff1ff089909989446", "id": 3}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "the-operation", "type": "clause", "offset": [73, 86]}, {"key": "parts-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [224, 236]}, {"key": "relate-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [260, 269]}, {"key": "the-distribution", "type": "clause", "offset": [422, 438]}, {"key": "reading-material", "type": "clause", "offset": [442, 458]}, {"key": "literary-works", "type": "definition", "offset": [575, 589]}, {"key": "in-particular", "type": "clause", "offset": [859, 872]}, {"key": "in-general", "type": "clause", "offset": [972, 982]}, {"key": "marketing-and-promotion", "type": "clause", "offset": [1096, 1119]}, {"key": "other-institutions", "type": "clause", "offset": [1179, 1197]}, {"key": "other-media", "type": "clause", "offset": [1258, 1269]}, {"key": "new-technology", "type": "definition", "offset": [1275, 1289]}, {"key": "the-people", "type": "definition", "offset": [1827, 1837]}, {"key": "engaged-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [1887, 1897]}, {"key": "for-the-purpose-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [2120, 2138]}, {"key": "the-activities", "type": "clause", "offset": [2173, 2187]}, {"key": "in-the-case", "type": "clause", "offset": [2304, 2315]}, {"key": "chapter-1", "type": "definition", "offset": [2348, 2357]}, {"key": "community-needs", "type": "definition", "offset": [2435, 2450]}, {"key": "field-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [2661, 2669]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "definition", "offset": [2762, 2770]}, {"key": "an-association", "type": "clause", "offset": [2909, 2923]}, {"key": "to-develop", "type": "definition", "offset": [2940, 2950]}, {"key": "form-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [3158, 3165]}, {"key": "for-students", "type": "clause", "offset": [3360, 3372]}, {"key": "in-minnesota", "type": "clause", "offset": [3399, 3411]}, {"key": "a-team", "type": "definition", "offset": [3537, 3543]}, {"key": "media-group", "type": "definition", "offset": [3565, 3576]}, {"key": "the-study", "type": "definition", "offset": [3612, 3621]}, {"key": "the-financial", "type": "clause", "offset": [3688, 3701]}, {"key": "social-support", "type": "clause", "offset": [3706, 3720]}, {"key": "other-parts", "type": "clause", "offset": [4016, 4027]}, {"key": "the-world", "type": "definition", "offset": [4031, 4040]}, {"key": "term-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [4044, 4051]}, {"key": "management-system", "type": "clause", "offset": [4070, 4087]}, {"key": "programmes-and-activities", "type": "definition", "offset": [4150, 4175]}, {"key": "previous-findings", "type": "clause", "offset": [4198, 4215]}, {"key": "the-value", "type": "clause", "offset": [4219, 4228]}, {"key": "number-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [4481, 4490]}, {"key": "condition-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [4803, 4815]}, {"key": "internal-management", "type": "definition", "offset": [5000, 5019]}, {"key": "human-resources", "type": "clause", "offset": [5057, 5072]}, {"key": "cooperation-with", "type": "clause", "offset": [5099, 5115]}, {"key": "funding-bodies", "type": "definition", "offset": [5126, 5140]}, {"key": "characteristics-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [5371, 5389]}, {"key": "the-book", "type": "clause", "offset": [5738, 5746]}, {"key": "local-people", "type": "definition", "offset": [5999, 6011]}, {"key": "affected-by", "type": "definition", "offset": [6124, 6135]}, {"key": "social-function", "type": "definition", "offset": [6353, 6368]}, {"key": "the-author", "type": "definition", "offset": [6443, 6453]}, {"key": "public-places", "type": "definition", "offset": [6586, 6599]}, {"key": "to-the-public", "type": "definition", "offset": [6630, 6643]}, {"key": "circulation-system", "type": "definition", "offset": [6730, 6748]}, {"key": "the-province", "type": "clause", "offset": [6772, 6784]}, {"key": "terms-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [6788, 6796]}, {"key": "local-context", "type": "clause", "offset": [6899, 6912]}, {"key": "national-government", "type": "definition", "offset": [6940, 6959]}, {"key": "continuation-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [7042, 7057]}, {"key": "main-duties", "type": "clause", "offset": [7108, 7119]}, {"key": "to-provide", "type": "clause", "offset": [7141, 7151]}, {"key": "the-policy", "type": "clause", "offset": [7166, 7176]}, {"key": "and-support", "type": "clause", "offset": [7210, 7221]}, {"key": "specific-field", "type": "definition", "offset": [7245, 7259]}, {"key": "according-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [7261, 7273]}, {"key": "issued-by", "type": "definition", "offset": [7289, 7298]}, {"key": "education-and-culture", "type": "clause", "offset": [7326, 7347]}, {"key": "the-organisation", "type": "clause", "offset": [7370, 7386]}, {"key": "the-primary", "type": "clause", "offset": [7490, 7501]}, {"key": "legal-framework", "type": "clause", "offset": [7622, 7637]}, {"key": "the-central-government", "type": "definition", "offset": [7693, 7715]}, {"key": "the-agency", "type": "clause", "offset": [7724, 7734]}, {"key": "ministerial-regulation", "type": "definition", "offset": [7794, 7816]}, {"key": "main-tasks", "type": "clause", "offset": [7842, 7852]}, {"key": "the-technical", "type": "clause", "offset": [7924, 7937]}, {"key": "government-support", "type": "clause", "offset": [8205, 8223]}, {"key": "the-fact", "type": "clause", "offset": [8272, 8280]}, {"key": "public-interest", "type": "clause", "offset": [8308, 8323]}, {"key": "plans-and", "type": "definition", "offset": [8428, 8437]}, {"key": "by-the-state", "type": "clause", "offset": [8764, 8776]}, {"key": "referring-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [8823, 8835]}, {"key": "the-united-states-of-america", "type": "clause", "offset": [8836, 8864]}, {"key": "arts-and-culture", "type": "definition", "offset": [8895, 8911]}, {"key": "responsibility-for", "type": "clause", "offset": [9058, 9076]}, {"key": "for-example", "type": "clause", "offset": [9196, 9207]}, {"key": "the-context", "type": "clause", "offset": [9249, 9260]}, {"key": "beginning-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [9566, 9582]}, {"key": "protection-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [9652, 9665]}, {"key": "private-institutions", "type": "definition", "offset": [9728, 9748]}, {"key": "roles-and", "type": "clause", "offset": [9824, 9833]}, {"key": "government-institutions", "type": "definition", "offset": [9852, 9875]}, {"key": "working-areas", "type": "clause", "offset": [9941, 9954]}, {"key": "the-subsidy", "type": "clause", "offset": [10178, 10189]}, {"key": "public-institutions", "type": "clause", "offset": [10289, 10308]}, {"key": "local-area", "type": "definition", "offset": [10332, 10342]}, {"key": "management-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [10607, 10620]}, {"key": "directed-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [10641, 10652]}, {"key": "other-fields", "type": "definition", "offset": [10832, 10844]}, {"key": "daily-life", "type": "clause", "offset": [10977, 10987]}, {"key": "the-national", "type": "clause", "offset": [10991, 11003]}, {"key": "improvement-and-development", "type": "clause", "offset": [11032, 11059]}, {"key": "starting-point", "type": "clause", "offset": [11076, 11090]}, {"key": "the-society", "type": "clause", "offset": [11149, 11160]}, {"key": "the-word", "type": "definition", "offset": [11211, 11219]}, {"key": "new-order", "type": "definition", "offset": [11455, 11464]}, {"key": "development-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [11533, 11547]}, {"key": "examples-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [11671, 11682]}, {"key": "establishment-and-function", "type": "clause", "offset": [11740, 11766]}, {"key": "activities-and-events", "type": "clause", "offset": [11967, 11988]}, {"key": "the-future", "type": "clause", "offset": [12062, 12072]}, {"key": "the-law", "type": "clause", "offset": [12457, 12464]}, {"key": "to-strengthen", "type": "clause", "offset": [12561, 12574]}, {"key": "the-centre", "type": "definition", "offset": [12628, 12638]}, {"key": "other-research", "type": "clause", "offset": [12961, 12975]}, {"key": "of-works", "type": "clause", "offset": [13371, 13379]}, {"key": "the-series", "type": "definition", "offset": [13436, 13446]}, {"key": "the-opportunity", "type": "clause", "offset": [13667, 13682]}, {"key": "external-support", "type": "clause", "offset": [13755, 13771]}, {"key": "present-study", "type": "clause", "offset": [13808, 13821]}, {"key": "contribution-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [13918, 13933]}, {"key": "description-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [14553, 14567]}, {"key": "distribution-of-information", "type": "clause", "offset": [14763, 14790]}, {"key": "establishment-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [14792, 14808]}, {"key": "types-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [14848, 14856]}, {"key": "in-the-region", "type": "definition", "offset": [14870, 14883]}, {"key": "prior-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [14959, 14967]}, {"key": "activities-related-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [15423, 15444]}, {"key": "in-detail", "type": "clause", "offset": [15639, 15648]}, {"key": "newspapers-and-periodicals", "type": "clause", "offset": [15699, 15725]}, {"key": "fundamental-elements", "type": "clause", "offset": [15923, 15943]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "Certain studies on the literary infrastructural components have revealed the operation, roles, and influences of literary institutions, government, pri- vate organisations, and personages in the literary life. Here I select parts of the previous studies which relate to my discussion. Studies on the publishing houses have explored many aspects of publication, focusing on the history of book, printing, and publisher and the distribution of reading material. I devote the first two chapters in this dissertation to explore the publishing houses activities in (re)publishing literary works and also their involvement in the social field as well as the fields of education, religion, politics, and literature, both in colonial and post-independence periods. Studying the publishing house in correlation with the literary fields has been conducted by scholars, in particular those who use the sociology of literature approaches. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2008) argued that publishing activity in general involves a set of historical processes and practices (composition, editing, design and illustration, production, marketing and promotion, and distribution) as well a set of relations with various other institutions as commercial, legal, educational, political, cultural, and other media. The new technology in the literary publishing has benefitted writers, readers, distributors, and many other related sectors (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1996). In correlation with the involvement of publisher with social and po- litical movement, during the revolution era, for instance, publishers as- sisted readers by providing materials on the revolutionary movement. The involvement of publishers in political movements is shown by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2005) in the example of the early Quaker movement in 1650s English revolution, where the publishers printed pamphlets to support the people\u2019s struggle. The publisher, in another situation, engaged in supporting so- cial and political struggle and identity of a nation or society. The pub- lisher also participated in the spreading of religion in society, the involve- ment of any society members, such as women\u2019s writing, for the purpose of gaining life improvement as well. The activities of publishing houses in social and political fields are shown in the first two chapters of this study, particularly in the case of Penjiaran Ilmoe discussed in Chapter 1. The publishing houses took part in the distribution of knowledge related to community needs, equipping readers with introductory reading materi- als, and accommodating intellectuals and leaders in the social and politi- \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 to spread their thoughts through the printed writings. Research in the field of literary studies has regularly explored the dynamics and practices of literary communities. Based on its characteris- tics and programmes found in this study, in general after Indonesian in- dependence, literary clubs can be understood as an association used by writers to develop and share literary activities and programmes. There are activities that commonly run through a club such as literary (writing) training, book discussions, literary festival, publishing, and competition. The form of the literary club can differ based on the purpose of its estab- lishment. It could be a gender-based reading club as studied by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587- \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2001) or a book reading club specifically targeted for students called St. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 Book Club in Minnesota USA which was shown by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2010). In the field of Indonesian literature, a survey on the literary club was conducted by a team funded by the Kompas media group (Budianta and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, eds., 1998). The study found that literary communities play a role in filling the gap on the financial and social support of writers, and also policy and infrastructural need that ideally provided by the govern- ment for writers and literary field in general. The literary communities in Indonesia, as will be shown in this study, have different characteristics compare to the literary communities generally known in other parts of the world in term of their activities, management system, and their roles in applying the communities to promote their programmes and activities. It also confirms the previous findings on the value of literary communi- ties, in various forms and activities, in establishing literary activities for writers, readers, and the public in general. A study (2016) conducted by Koalisi Seni Indonesia, Indonesian Arts Coalition based in Jakarta, in which a number of arts clubs and indi- vidual artists accros Indonesia join as its members, shows that there are general problems in establishing and maintaining arts clubs. By research- ing the arts clubs in Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Solo, Bandar Lampung, Surabaya, Makassar, and Malang, the study can be used to compare the condition of arts, including literary, life in places other than in West Sumatra. The result of the study in eight provinces shows that the common problems faced by arts clubs are ranging from the internal management (including in developing programmes, human resources) to the support from, and cooperation with, external funding bodies (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, and \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (eds.), 2016). Studies outside of West Sumatra show that literary clubs face similar conditions. There are similarities across literary infrastructure elements, such as the characteristics of literary clubs\u2019 management, members, and programmes which can also be found in Bali (Triadnyani et al., 2019), the role of literary clubs in social, religious, and politic fields in West Java (Moriyama, 2015), and on the literary clubs and literary life in Pekanbaru (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1997 and 1998). Apart from studying bookstores in their correlation with the book trade, a bookstore\u2019s role in circulating and distributing published book and its function as a social space has been investigated by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1999, 2006). Her study found that bookstores in America have given cul- tural and economic values for local people surrounding the bookstores. It is not only a matter of book trading competition, but also has resulted from and affected by the literary publishing, literary writing, and book industry in general. The role of bookstores in the field of literature de- pend on its function of distributing and circulating the published literary works and its social function outside the book trading such as literary events (i.e. book signing, meet the author with the reader, sponsoring literary discussion or book launching, or providing literary award). The bookstore is one of many other public places that introduce literary works to the public. My investigation on bookstores in West Sumatra look not only at the distribution and circulation system of a published book in the province in terms of book trading, but also at how the bookstores involve or influence the literary field, especially in a local context. Funding from the local or national government, private organisations, as well as individuals, is also an important part for the continuation of literary life. One of the Indonesian government\u2019s main duties and au- thorities is to provide and implement the policy, programmes, fund, pro- tection, and support for culture. In a more specific field, according to the regulation issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (No. 11 Year 2015) on the organisation and working system of the Minis- try of Education and Culture, language and literature are mandated as the primary programmes for the Badan Pembinaan \u2587\u2587\u2587 Pengembangan Bahasa (The Language Fostering and Development Agency). Within this legal framework, the language and literature programmes are managed by the central government through the agency and its offices spread in some provinces. According to the ministerial regulation (2015, article 649), the main tasks of the Language Fostering and Development Agency, are (1) to pre- pare the technical policy, agenda, programme, and budget for developing, fostering, and protecting language and literature, (2) implement develop- ing, fostering, and protecting programmes for language and literature, and (3) monitor, evaluate, and report the mentioned programmes. The government support of literature and arts, in general, is based on the fact that this field is part of public interest and therefore the government needs to take part in ensuring the field is well managed, with appropriate plans and instruments such as budget, rules, and facilities. It can be under- stood that in general, the rationale of providing funding for art is based on the idea that \u201cart is a public, or at least a mixed, good that, like highways and education, benefits everyone and is unlikely to be adequately supplied unless partially supported by the state\u201d, as stated by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1978: 357) referring to the United States of America\u2019s national programmes for the arts and culture. The aim of the Indonesian government, as stated in the Ministerial regulation mentioned above, actually shows that the government holds the main responsibility for the programmes related to the literature of a national interest. The government\u2019s subsidy to the literary publication, for example, can be seen from Bode\u2019s study (2010) in the context of Aus- tralia. According to \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2010: 39), the support or funding from the gov- ernment to literature contributes significantly to increase the number of published literary works in. Bode in his research concludes that in Aus- tralia, \u201cgrowth in the proportion of literary (or non-genre) novels at the beginning of the 1970s suggests the impact of increased government fund- ing for, and protection of, such writing at this time.\u201d I investigate the government and private institutions\u2019 programmes which correlate with literature in West Sumatra. I examine the roles and programmes of the government institutions whose duties relate to literature, by dividing them based on the working areas at both the central and provincial levels. Furthermore, I also look at the government funded and private organisations working on the literary field. The government and private involvement take place in many forms, such as the subsidy, budget, publication, and event. The exploration of the involvement of the government, private, or public institutions toward literature in a local area in West Sumatra can show how literature is positioned and treated by the public. The basic sense that urge the institutions\u2019 activities are the will to improve and develop literature. Publishing activities, government sup- port, literary community programmes, the management of bookstores, are all directed to improve and develop the literary field and communi- ties. The will to improve and develop is also felt and driven by individual agents, both in the field of literature as well as other fields. The will be- comes an ideological background, mostly unconsciously embraced, for In- donesians as an impact of its massive uses in daily life of the national development programmes. The improvement and development are used as the starting point for many government institutions and spread widely within the society when preparing and implementing their programmes. The word development is commonly used to translate the notion of pembangunan (also \u2018construction\u2019 or \u2018improvement\u2019). Development became the basic sense, and a key word, of all the government programmes, in- cluding arts and culture, during the New Order era (Heryanto, 1995). In the literary field, the word refers to the development of literary life, facili- ties, literary/aesthetic achievement from one stage/period to the follow- ing stages/periods. Other examples of development include various as- pects of literature: the establishment and function of literary institutions, exploration of specific themes, the number, and quality of published liter- ary works and criticism, the improvement of reader and writer\u2019s access and engagement in literary activities and events. The word development means moving to, or getting, a better condition in the future compared to the previous condition, with specific measurement used by the society. Studies on the literary life in West Sumatra have generally focused on the textual aspects of written literary works. The first scholarly study on the traditional Minangkabau literary works was conducted by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1991). He studied tambo, a Minangkabau traditional prose mostly consisting of the law and history of Minang, from the philological perspective. His study showed that tambo functions to strengthen a sense of community, and to position Minangkabau as the centre of the world, according to the stories presented in tambo. With these functions, tambo has a sufficient structure to accommodate the messages. The West Sumatran authors and editors have influenced the internal and external aspects of literature in terms of styles and themes, for instances, as exam- ined by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2002). Other research on West Sumatran literary works has focused on stylistic and thematic elements. For example, on the corre- lation between Minangkabau traditional legend and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2019s play (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1992), the influences (adaptation or intertextuality) of mod- ern Indonesian literary work from Minangkabau traditional folktales (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1991), and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2014) on the ideological aspects of works written by Minangkabau authors. A short introduction on the series of roman Indonesia (early modern Indonesian language novels) pub- lished in Padang was published by Suryadi (2007). It was a similar publi- cation series as roman pergaoelan published by Penjiaran Ilmoe in Fort \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587. The opportunity to explore further on the aspects of literary life, particularly on the external support for literature, is provided in this present study. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 in his book (1977) resulted from his master\u2019s thesis at Hawaii studied the contribution of West Sumatran authors and editors in the Indonesian literature fields, who published a significant numbers of works and who worked as the editors in some major publishing houses. From their involvement in the publishing houses as the editors, West Sumatran writers and editors had shape the usage of Indonesian language in the published literary works (Teeuw, 1972). Recent studies on the history of publishing in West Sumatra were conducted by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2018), who has analyzed the literary works by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 pub- lished by NV Nusantara in Bukittinggi and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2018) who pro- vided a historical description of publishing houses in Fort \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (now Bukittinggi) from 1901 to 1942. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2009) has discussed news- paper publications in West Sumatra showing that publishing was sup- ported by rapid distribution of information, establishment of newspapers, and the existence of other types of publications in the region. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2019s study (2010) provided the history of Minangkabau press prior to Indonesian independence and related it to the social and religious dynam- ics. These studies show that the publishing activities in West Sumatra, especially during the colonial period, were experiencing a golden era. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2012) analysed the role of female jour- nalists in the Minangkabau region during the colonial era. Women in West Sumatra had taken part in journalism by initiating women-oriented bulle- tins. In the publishing activities related to the Islamic discourses, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (2019) described a fortnightly magazine, called Al Bayan, published in 1919 by Tsamaratul Ikhwan in Fort \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (1975 and 2012) has described in detail about the presses in West Sumatra, by listing the newspapers and periodicals published in this region. Based on the men- tioned previous studies, there are very few which focus on the elements of literary infrastructure in West Sumatra. My research, therefore, analyses the fundamental elements of literary infrastructure in West Sumatra, which have not previously been studied. By focusing on literary infrastructure, this study tries to explore and connect the elements to find out how they contribute to supporting the literary life in West Sumatra.", "samples": [{"hash": "cAdVt4DLXFj", "uri": "/contracts/cAdVt4DLXFj#previous-studies", "label": "Literary Infrastructure", "score": 32.0366210938, "published": true}], "hash": "bbe09afb9fd34dac00bd60424890dc97", "id": 4}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "the-client", "type": "clause", "offset": [29, 39]}, {"key": "the-deliverables", "type": "clause", "offset": [104, 120]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "Consultant with support from the Client to identify previous studies for catchments/projects as part of the deliverables.", "samples": [{"hash": "b93YTQEQaKt", "uri": "/contracts/b93YTQEQaKt#previous-studies", "label": "Professional Service Contract", "score": 29.4849147797, "published": true}], "hash": "f71be765a9a77a7242878326da6e0ec8", "id": 5}, {"snippet_links": [], "size": 1, "snippet": "Previous studies were completed on the Courthouse facility. The results of all studies are included in the Attachments of this RFQ.", "samples": [{"hash": "gswsRyjD1pB", "uri": "/contracts/gswsRyjD1pB#previous-studies", "label": "Agreement for Clay County Judicial Facility Master Plan", "score": 35.9186611895, "published": true}], "hash": "85b11ceea7146dbf0b64212129224090", "id": 6}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "a-list", "type": "definition", "offset": [7, 13]}, {"key": "completed-by", "type": "clause", "offset": [49, 61]}, {"key": "with-respect-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [71, 86]}, {"key": "the-project", "type": "clause", "offset": [87, 98]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "Submit a list, if any, of all studies previously completed by Proposer with respect to the Project.", "samples": [{"hash": "aSFmoOS7aHN", "uri": "/contracts/aSFmoOS7aHN#previous-studies", "label": "Comprehensive Development Agreement", "score": 17.0, "published": true}], "hash": "2780a33d2670cf4e74eebdd8537c8cb2", "id": 7}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "the-consultant-will", "type": "clause", "offset": [0, 19]}, {"key": "feasibility-study", "type": "definition", "offset": [93, 110]}, {"key": "environmental-study", "type": "definition", "offset": [204, 223]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "The Consultant will utilize the previous TransCAD model that was developed during a previous feasibility study. This model will be used to further test the alternatives that will be developed during this environmental study. This model will be reviewed for any need to update since the feasibility study was conducted.", "samples": [{"hash": "gVE2ybYEVdm", "uri": "/contracts/gVE2ybYEVdm#previous-studies", "label": "Professional Services Agreement", "score": 33.6307258606, "published": true}], "hash": "5ce92b6dfabce7a9649b05b046e0387d", "id": 8}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "in-the-united-states", "type": "clause", "offset": [52, 72]}, {"key": "no-adverse-events", "type": "clause", "offset": [168, 185]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "definition", "offset": [218, 226]}, {"key": "clinical-data", "type": "clause", "offset": [227, 240]}, {"key": "the-non", "type": "clause", "offset": [687, 694]}, {"key": "ct-number", "type": "definition", "offset": [753, 762]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "Approximately 600 CBBCT patients have been acquired in the United States under 5 IRB approved protocols including 81 BIRADS 4 & 5 patients who received CE-CBBCT scans. No adverse events were reported in these studies. Based on clinical data from the previous studies, the CBBCT is comparable or exceeds breast tissue coverage as compared to mammography. Density is readily and reliably assessed. Breast anatomy is displayed exquisitely, showing vessels to <1 mm. Calcifications < 200\u00b5m are visualized with greater conspicuity, and distribution can be determined in 3D space. The CBBCT is equal or better than mammography for visualization of mass for conspicuity, border, and sharpness. The non-contrast CBBCT also assesses mass density accurately; but CT number alone may not improve specificity in the absence of IV contrast. Cancer size on CBBCT agrees with measurement from histopathology. Contrast enhancement is needed to further improve specificity. In the Contrast Enhanced CBBCT study, CE-CBBCT has high sensitivity, show greater extent of disease, and is able to detect new malignant lesions not previously detected on diagnostic work up or non-contrast CBBCT [1] [10] [11] [12] [13].", "samples": [{"hash": "3HJ1V48cGNq", "uri": "/contracts/3HJ1V48cGNq#previous-studies", "label": "Protocol Agreement", "score": 25.8863563538, "published": true}], "hash": "43818593fbc8a56f42f62b8af73083ab", "id": 9}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "design-and-engineering", "type": "clause", "offset": [68, 90]}, {"key": "design-documents", "type": "clause", "offset": [168, 184]}, {"key": "types-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [475, 483]}, {"key": "bidding-and-award", "type": "clause", "offset": [492, 509]}, {"key": "contract-management", "type": "clause", "offset": [536, 555]}, {"key": "contract-modification", "type": "definition", "offset": [600, 621]}, {"key": "cost-estimates", "type": "clause", "offset": [665, 679]}, {"key": "before-construction", "type": "clause", "offset": [757, 776]}, {"key": "material-procurement", "type": "clause", "offset": [804, 824]}, {"key": "supplier-fault", "type": "clause", "offset": [890, 904]}, {"key": "construction-change-orders", "type": "clause", "offset": [983, 1009]}, {"key": "weather-condition", "type": "clause", "offset": [1061, 1078]}, {"key": "site-condition", "type": "clause", "offset": [1172, 1186]}, {"key": "payment-by-owner", "type": "clause", "offset": [1335, 1351]}, {"key": "management-and-supervision", "type": "clause", "offset": [1482, 1508]}, {"key": "resource-allocation", "type": "definition", "offset": [1536, 1555]}, {"key": "contractor-experience", "type": "clause", "offset": [1701, 1722]}, {"key": "owner-engineer", "type": "clause", "offset": [1973, 1987]}, {"key": "of-project-manager", "type": "clause", "offset": [2021, 2039]}, {"key": "with-other-contractors", "type": "clause", "offset": [2040, 2062]}, {"key": "site-coordination", "type": "clause", "offset": [2066, 2083]}, {"key": "top-management", "type": "definition", "offset": [2128, 2142]}, {"key": "availability-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [2213, 2228]}, {"key": "financial-difficulties", "type": "definition", "offset": [2358, 2380]}, {"key": "project-participants", "type": "definition", "offset": [2469, 2489]}, {"key": "governmental-regulations", "type": "clause", "offset": [2512, 2536]}], "size": 1, "snippet": "no. Overrun 1 Objective/ Employer\u2019s - - Perspective Feasibility & 3 Design and Engineering Poor design (Momani, 2000) [7] Planning and Delay in reviewing and approving design documents by owner (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2006)[2], (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [8] (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [8] (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 4 Scheduling Improper planning 2006) [2], (Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1], (\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [5] Inadequate managerial skills (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10], (\u2587.\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2005) [4] 5 Tendering Types of project bidding and award (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2006) [2] Contract management (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [8], (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, Contract modification (Chabota Kaliba, 2009) [6] Deficiencies in cost estimates prepared (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2003) [3] 6 Mobilization and Procurement Preparation before construction (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2004) [9] Material procurement (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2003)[3], (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002)[12] Material supplier fault (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [12] (Momani, 2000) [7], (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) 7 Construction Change orders [8], (Kumaraswamy, 1997)[10], (\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [5] Weather condition (Momani, 2000) [7], (\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [5], (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2003) [3],(\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [11] Site condition (Momani, 2000) [7] Shortage of labour (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2006) [2], (\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [5] (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2006) [2],(\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, Delay in progress payment by owner 2002) [8], (Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1], (Chabota \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587)[\u2587], (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2003) [3],(\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [11] Poor site management and supervision Improper control over site resource allocation (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587)[\u2587], (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10], (Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1],(\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008) [11] (Kumaraswamy, 1997)[10] Inadequate contractor experience (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10],(Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1] Unforeseen ground condition (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10] Subcontractors (Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1] Shortage in material (Murlai \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2007) [1] Understanding operational difficulties by the owner engineer Coordination ability and rapport of project manager with other contractors at site Coordination ability and rapport of project manager with top management (\u2587.\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2005) [4] (\u2587.\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2005) [4] (\u2587.\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2005) [4] Non-availability of crushers at queries (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [12] Transportation delays (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [12] 8 Project Handover - - Financial difficulties (Chabota \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587)[\u2587], (\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2008)[5] Stubborn attitude of project manager and project participants (\u2587.\u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2005) [4] Governmental regulations (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2002) [12]", "samples": [{"hash": "2WmMDahD49k", "uri": "/contracts/2WmMDahD49k#previous-studies", "label": "Contract Administration", "score": 22.1348400116, "published": true}], "hash": "1e81f055b11e5ee5db80c106aaeaa856", "id": 10}], "next_curs": "ClkSU2oVc35sYXdpbnNpZGVyY29udHJhY3RzcjULEhZDbGF1c2VTbmlwcGV0R3JvdXBfdjU2IhlwcmV2aW91cy1zdHVkaWVzIzAwMDAwMDBhDKIBAmVuGAAgAA==", "clause": {"parents": [["motivation-for-predicate-inversion-in-mandarin", "Motivation for Predicate Inversion in Mandarin"], ["significance-of-the-study", "Significance of the Study"], ["general", "General"], ["consultant-project-management", "Consultant project management"], ["no-liability", "No liability"]], "size": 20, "children": [["syntactic-approach", "Syntactic approach"], ["inclusion-criteria", "INCLUSION CRITERIA"], ["cbbct-for-breast-imaging-system", "CBBCT for Breast Imaging System"], ["", ""], ["ce-cbbct-procedure", "CE-CBBCT PROCEDURE"]], "title": "Previous studies", "id": "previous-studies", "related": [["clinical-studies", "Clinical Studies", "Clinical Studies"], ["clinical-trials", "Clinical Trials", "Clinical Trials"], ["research-collaboration", "Research Collaboration", "Research Collaboration"], ["research-plan", "Research Plan", "Research Plan"], ["commercialization-plan", "Commercialization Plan", "Commercialization Plan"]], "related_snippets": [], "updated": "2025-07-24T04:27:51+00:00"}, "json": true, "cursor": ""}}