Lack of Resources. A common theme raised by indigenous organizations advocating for the various rights created in both international and domestic legislation is the massive and inherent power differential between them and their more established negotiating opponents.50 In this case, the rooibos industry is commercially successful, with modern means of communication and the capacity to rely upon legal advice from professional accountants, as well as a leading international commercial law firm. The indigenous peoples by contrast relied on voluntary organizations representing the poorest of South African communities, with no immediate funding for legal representation and a lack of access to modern means of communication. Whilst DEA has fulfilled its facilitative role in funding travel and logistics for the plenary meetings since 2012, both the San and Xxxx were challenged by their lack of funding and capacity. The South African San Council had been functioning on a skeleton budget since 2001 that enabled them to employ only one or, at the most, two staff supporting a volunteer council. They had no additional funds to pay for community meetings, travel, or legal support. The lawyer representing the San interests did most of the work on the case pro xxxx. The National Xxxx-San Council, despite having been formed by the government in 1999, had never been allocated funding, and it relied solely upon funds raised by its legal representatives, the environmental rights NGO Natural Justice. Legal and intellectual property advice for the TK holders was therefore reliant upon charity, as well as various international supporters of indigenous rights. Complex, Industry-wide Benefit Sharing Agreement To date, no other comprehensive, industry-wide benefit sharing agreement has been concluded under the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol. Hence, there was no precedent from which the parties to the RBSA could learn. Throughout the negotiations, the central question remained the issue of what constitutes a fair levy, i.e., both what the industry could afford, and what represents fair restitution for the holders of TK. Numerous proposals were made as to how the large and complex rooibos industry could be covered by a single agreement with one point of collection for monetary benefits. Several financial models, legal arrangements and competing proposals were shared in private meetings and correspondence. A mediation process was required to assist progress toward the final agreement that a 1.5 percent lev...
Lack of Resources. 44 Lack of Exposure ..................................................................................... 44 Misinformation ........................................................................................ 44 Discrimination/Racism ............................................................................ 45 Discouragement ....................................................................................... 45 Fear of Difficulty/Failure......................................................................... 45 Negative Social Image ............................................................................. 46 Peer Pressure............................................................................................ 46 Inadequate programs ................................................................................ 46
Lack of Resources. Depending on the poverty level of the school and its students, many bright and promising young scientists are denied resources that are usually available to more affluent schools. This lack of accessibility hinders students’ ability to learn and to compete on a leveled playing field. Resources such as access to technology, well-equipped laboratories, and properly trained and experienced instructors can make a major difference to the attitudes and dreams of students. An article by the Institution of Engineering and Technology published in 2008, entitled studying STEM: what are the barriers? addressed the choices that students make and what factors turned them away from pursuing STEM careers. That study identified the lack of inspirational and quality teachers as one of the primary reasons for which students are not motivated to join STEM careers. Lack of Exposure You can never aspire to be something that you do not know anything about or have never seen; that is why a career in STEM begins with knowing about STEM. Many students and young folks grow up in environments where certain fields and careers are considered “for others,” and they end up never getting to experience it or learn about it. STEM appears to be one of those areas, especially if there is no one at home that can raise that possibility, or the school curriculum fails to expose all the students to this career option.
Lack of Resources. A common theme raised by indigenous organizations advocating for the various rights created in both international and domestic legislation is the massive and inherent power differential between them and their more established negotiating opponents.50 In this case, the rooibos industry is commercially successful, with modern means of communication and the capacity to rely upon legal advice from professional accountants, as well as a leading international commercial law firm. The indigenous peoples by contrast relied on voluntary organizations representing the poorest of South African communities, with no immediate funding for legal representation and a lack of access to modern means of communication. Whilst DEA has fulfilled its facilitative role in funding travel and logistics for the plenary meetings since 2012, both the San and Xxxx were challenged by their lack of funding and capacity. The South African San Council had been functioning on a skeleton budget since 2001 that enabled them to employ only one or, at the most, two staff supporting a volunteer council. They had no additional funds to pay for community meetings, travel, or legal support. The lawyer representing the San interests did most of the work on the case pro xxxx. The National Xxxx-San Council, despite having been formed by the government in 1999, had never been allocated funding, and it relied solely upon funds raised by its legal representatives, the environmental rights NGO Natural Justice. Legal and intellectual property advice for the TK holders was therefore reliant upon charity, as well as various international supporters of indigenous rights.
