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When a reference is made in this Agreement to Sections, such reference shall be to a Section of this Agreement. Unless otherwise indicated the words \"include,\" \"includes\" and \"including\" when used herein shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words \"without limitation.\" The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. When reference is made herein to \"the business of\" an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity. 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When reference is made herein to \u201cthe business of\u201d an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all such entity and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.", "hash": "fef957bbd38aa7cc9c3ba63759d164f6", "id": 4}, {"samples": [{"hash": "jK3JOzm74Fp", "uri": "/contracts/jK3JOzm74Fp#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Komag Inc /De/)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "hF0As6d9xES", "uri": "/contracts/hF0As6d9xES#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (HMT Technology Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "8IilZxlqagX", "uri": "/contracts/8IilZxlqagX#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Komag Inc /De/)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}], "size": 16, "snippet_links": [{"key": "agreement-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [37, 49]}, {"key": "to-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [98, 115]}, {"key": "unless-otherwise-indicated", "type": "clause", "offset": [116, 142]}, {"key": "the-words", "type": "definition", "offset": [144, 153]}, {"key": "each-case", "type": "definition", "offset": [228, 237]}, {"key": "without-limitation", "type": "clause", "offset": [267, 285]}, {"key": "table-of-contents-and-headings", "type": "clause", "offset": [292, 322]}, {"key": "contained-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [323, 335]}, {"key": "for-reference", "type": "clause", "offset": [355, 368]}, {"key": "interpretation-of-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [430, 462]}, {"key": "the-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [498, 510]}, {"key": "indirect-subsidiaries", "type": "definition", "offset": [599, 620]}, {"key": "reference-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [637, 649]}, {"key": "the-subsidiaries-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [650, 669]}, {"key": "for-purposes-of-this-agreement", "type": "definition", "offset": [764, 794]}, {"key": "the-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [796, 804]}, {"key": "with-respect-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [824, 839]}, {"key": "officers-of-the-company", "type": "clause", "offset": [883, 906]}, {"key": "the-case", "type": "definition", "offset": [921, 929]}, {"key": "knowledge-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [950, 962]}], "snippet": "(a) When a reference is made in this Agreement to Exhibits, such reference shall be to an Exhibit to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. The words \"INCLUDE,\" \"INCLUDES\" and \"INCLUDING\" when used herein shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words \"WITHOUT LIMITATION.\" The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. When reference is made herein to \"THE BUSINESS OF\" an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity. Reference to the subsidiaries of an entity shall be deemed to include all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity.\n(b) For purposes of this Agreement, the term \"KNOWLEDGE\" means, with respect to any matter in question, that the executive officers of the Company or Parent, as the case may be, have actual knowledge of such matter.", "hash": "24df4d44ebbbbd7aa9ca1f54df1e14d3", "id": 5}, {"samples": [{"hash": "l3l7EUXjbzd", "uri": "/contracts/l3l7EUXjbzd#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (Oplink Communications Inc)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "ia6PBPh8Ai7", "uri": "/contracts/ia6PBPh8Ai7#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (Avanex Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "g97NtxpJpke", "uri": "/contracts/g97NtxpJpke#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (Avanex Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}], "size": 16, "snippet_links": [{"key": "agreement-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [37, 49]}, {"key": "to-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [98, 115]}, {"key": "unless-otherwise-indicated", "type": "clause", "offset": [116, 142]}, {"key": "for-purposes-of-this-agreement", "type": "definition", "offset": [283, 313]}, {"key": "the-words", "type": "definition", "offset": [315, 324]}, {"key": "each-case", "type": "definition", "offset": [401, 410]}, {"key": "without-limitation", "type": "clause", "offset": [440, 458]}, {"key": "table-of-contents-and-headings", "type": "clause", "offset": [465, 495]}, {"key": "contained-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [496, 508]}, {"key": "for-reference", "type": "clause", "offset": [528, 541]}, {"key": "interpretation-of-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [603, 635]}, {"key": "the-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [671, 683]}, {"key": "taken-as-a-whole", "type": "clause", "offset": [795, 811]}, {"key": "an-exception", "type": "clause", "offset": [813, 825]}, {"key": "disclosure-letter", "type": "definition", "offset": [859, 876]}, {"key": "with-regard-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [877, 891]}, {"key": "with-respect-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1019, 1034]}, {"key": "other-representation", "type": "clause", "offset": [1039, 1059]}, {"key": "such-party", "type": "clause", "offset": [1063, 1073]}, {"key": "the-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [1189, 1197]}, {"key": "party-hereto", "type": "definition", "offset": [1235, 1247]}, {"key": "executive-officers", "type": "definition", "offset": [1317, 1335]}], "snippet": "(a) When a reference is made in this Agreement to Exhibits, such reference shall be to an Exhibit to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. When a reference is made in this Agreement to Sections, such reference shall be to a section of this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this Agreement, the words \"include,\" \"includes\" and \"including,\" when used herein, shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words \"without limitation.\" The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. When reference is made herein to \"the business of\" an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all such entity and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole. An exception or disclosure made in the Oplink Disclosure Letter with regard to a representation of Oplink, or in the Avanex Disclosure Letter with regard to a representation of Avanex, shall be deemed made with respect to any other representation by such party to which the relevance of such exception or disclosure is reasonably apparent.\n(b) For purposes of this Agreement, the term \"Knowledge\" means, with respect to a party hereto, with respect to any matter in question, the actual knowledge of the executive officers of such party.", "hash": "481a5ead26cd14e6e2e27897176e0eb7", "id": 6}, {"samples": [{"hash": "lzNXOZNZQrg", "uri": "/contracts/lzNXOZNZQrg#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Stock Purchase Agreement (Resonate Blends, Inc.)", "score": 31.5489390828, "published": true}, {"hash": "lJHZnPcyXbY", "uri": "/contracts/lJHZnPcyXbY#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Stock Purchase Agreement (Resonate Blends, Inc.)", "score": 31.4010951403, "published": true}, {"hash": "hiqfJESdKaB", "uri": "/contracts/hiqfJESdKaB#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Stock Purchase Agreement (Qpagos)", "score": 30.5989048597, "published": true}], "size": 14, "snippet_links": [{"key": "agreement-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [37, 49]}, {"key": "to-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [98, 115]}, {"key": "unless-otherwise-indicated", "type": "clause", "offset": [116, 142]}, {"key": "the-words", "type": "definition", "offset": [283, 292]}, {"key": "each-case", "type": "definition", "offset": [367, 376]}, {"key": "without-limitation", "type": "clause", "offset": [406, 424]}, {"key": "table-of-contents-and-headings", "type": "clause", "offset": [431, 461]}, {"key": "contained-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [462, 474]}, {"key": "for-reference", "type": "clause", "offset": [494, 507]}, {"key": "interpretation-of-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [569, 601]}, {"key": "the-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [637, 649]}, {"key": "indirect-subsidiaries", "type": "definition", "offset": [738, 759]}, {"key": "reference-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [776, 788]}, {"key": "the-subsidiaries-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [789, 808]}, {"key": "for-purposes-of-this-agreement", "type": "definition", "offset": [903, 933]}, {"key": "the-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [934, 942]}, {"key": "with-respect-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [961, 976]}, {"key": "party-hereto", "type": "definition", "offset": [979, 991]}, {"key": "executive-officers", "type": "definition", "offset": [1049, 1067]}, {"key": "such-party", "type": "clause", "offset": [1071, 1081]}, {"key": "knowledge-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1093, 1105]}, {"key": "could-reasonably-be-expected-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1152, 1183]}, {"key": "reasonable-investigation", "type": "definition", "offset": [1196, 1220]}], "snippet": "(a) When a reference is made in this Agreement to exhibits, such reference shall be to an exhibit to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. When a reference is made in this Agreement to sections, such reference shall be to a section of this Agreement. Unless otherwise indicated the words \u201cinclude,\u201d \u201cincludes\u201d and \u201cincluding\u201d when used herein shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words \u201cwithout limitation.\u201d The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. When reference is made herein to \u201cthe business of\u201d an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity. Reference to the subsidiaries of an entity shall be deemed to include all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity.\n(b) For purposes of this Agreement the term \u201cknowledge\u201d means with respect to a party hereto, with respect to any matter in question, that any of the executive officers of such party has actual knowledge of such matter or knowledge that such individual could reasonably be expected to obtain upon reasonable investigation or inquiry into such matter.", "hash": "2d6912256ad1edf69f8ad40429310c27", "id": 7}, {"samples": [{"hash": "jK3JOzm74Fp", "uri": "/contracts/jK3JOzm74Fp#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Komag Inc /De/)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "hF0As6d9xES", "uri": "/contracts/hF0As6d9xES#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (HMT Technology Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "8IilZxlqagX", "uri": "/contracts/8IilZxlqagX#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Komag Inc /De/)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}], "size": 10, "snippet_links": [], "snippet": "52 8.4 Counterparts.....................................................................52 8.5", "hash": "363eb354e7ef4911abf0792f9b70ac04", "id": 8}, {"samples": [{"hash": "ktCZP1yBN9h", "uri": "/contracts/ktCZP1yBN9h#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Tippingpoint Technologies Inc)", "score": 21.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "jGFr25PpMAS", "uri": "/contracts/jGFr25PpMAS#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (3com Corp)", "score": 21.0, "published": true}], "size": 7, "snippet_links": [{"key": "agreement-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [37, 49]}, {"key": "to-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [98, 115]}, {"key": "unless-otherwise-indicated", "type": "clause", "offset": [116, 142]}, {"key": "the-words", "type": "definition", "offset": [349, 358]}, {"key": "each-case", "type": "definition", "offset": [433, 442]}, {"key": "without-limitation", "type": "clause", "offset": [472, 490]}, {"key": "to-parent", "type": "definition", "offset": [558, 567]}, {"key": "available-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [679, 691]}, {"key": "for-review", "type": "clause", "offset": [722, 732]}, {"key": "data-room", "type": "clause", "offset": [739, 748]}, {"key": "table-of-contents-and-headings", "type": "clause", "offset": [767, 797]}, {"key": "contained-in", "type": "definition", "offset": [798, 810]}, {"key": "for-reference", "type": "clause", "offset": [830, 843]}, {"key": "interpretation-of-this-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [905, 937]}, {"key": "the-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [973, 985]}, {"key": "indirect-subsidiaries", "type": "definition", "offset": [1074, 1095]}, {"key": "reference-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1112, 1124]}, {"key": "the-subsidiaries-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1125, 1144]}, {"key": "as-amended", "type": "definition", "offset": [1302, 1312]}, {"key": "rules-and-regulations", "type": "definition", "offset": [1322, 1343]}, {"key": "the-context", "type": "clause", "offset": [1375, 1386]}, {"key": "for-purposes-of-this-agreement", "type": "definition", "offset": [1411, 1441]}, {"key": "the-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [1443, 1451]}, {"key": "with-respect-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1470, 1485]}, {"key": "party-hereto", "type": "definition", "offset": [1488, 1500]}, {"key": "officers-or-directors", "type": "definition", "offset": [1568, 1589]}, {"key": "such-party", "type": "clause", "offset": [1593, 1603]}, {"key": "knowledge-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1615, 1627]}, {"key": "provided-that", "type": "clause", "offset": [1641, 1654]}, {"key": "executive-officer-or-director", "type": "clause", "offset": [1675, 1704]}, {"key": "reasonable-inquiry", "type": "definition", "offset": [1757, 1775]}, {"key": "the-employees", "type": "clause", "offset": [1779, 1792]}, {"key": "responsible-for", "type": "clause", "offset": [1793, 1808]}], "snippet": "(a) When a reference is made in this Agreement to Exhibits, such reference shall be to an Exhibit to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. When a reference is made in this Agreement to Articles or Sections, such reference shall be to an Article or Section, respectively, of this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise indicated the words \u201cinclude,\u201d \u201cincludes\u201d and \u201cincluding\u201d when used herein shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words \u201cwithout limitation.\u201d As used herein, an item shall be deemed to have been \u201cfurnished\u201d to Parent if such item has been sent to Parent or its representatives, provided to Parent or its representatives or made available to Parent or its representatives for review, in a data room or otherwise. The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. When reference is made herein to \u201cthe business of\u201d an entity, such reference shall be deemed to include the business of all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity. Reference to the subsidiaries of an entity shall be deemed to include all direct and indirect subsidiaries of such entity. Where a reference is made to a law, such reference is to such law, as amended, and all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, unless the context requires otherwise.\n(b) For purposes of this Agreement, the term \u201cknowledge\u201d means with respect to a party hereto, with respect to any matter in question, that any of the executive officers or directors of such party has actual knowledge of such matter; provided that with respect to any executive officer or director, such executive officer or director shall have made reasonable inquiry of the Employees responsible for such matter in question; and provided, further, that if any executive officer or director does not make such reasonable inquiry, then such executive officer or director shall be deemed to have actual knowledge of those facts or matters that such executive officer or director would have had, had he or she made such inquiry.", "hash": "0a1e94420dd3672ffdf95b2482abecb4", "id": 9}, {"samples": [{"hash": "kywEVB6m1CQ", "uri": "/contracts/kywEVB6m1CQ#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (Rational Software Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "E2EdZvpZcl", "uri": "/contracts/E2EdZvpZcl#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Merger Agreement (Pure Atria Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "9cnbNsTSzK8", "uri": "/contracts/9cnbNsTSzK8#interpretation-knowledge", "label": "Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (Rational Software Corp)", "score": 18.0, "published": true}], "size": 6, "snippet_links": [{"key": "table-of-contents", "type": "definition", "offset": [9, 26]}], "snippet": "49 -iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)", "hash": "7f66d99a357fc17b69353503a0649cd2", "id": 10}], "next_curs": "CmESW2oVc35sYXdpbnNpZGVyY29udHJhY3Rzcj0LEhZDbGF1c2VTbmlwcGV0R3JvdXBfdjU2IiFpbnRlcnByZXRhdGlvbi1rbm93bGVkZ2UjMDAwMDAwMGEMogECZW4YACAA", "clause": {"children": [], "size": 238, "title": "Interpretation; Knowledge", "parents": [["general-provisions", "General Provisions"], ["extension-waiver", "Extension; Waiver"], ["miscellaneous", "Miscellaneous"], ["takeover-statutes", "Takeover Statutes"], ["fees-and-expenses", "Fees and Expenses"]], "id": "interpretation-knowledge", "related": [["2interpretation", "2Interpretation", "2Interpretation"], ["interpretation-etc", "Interpretation, etc", "Interpretation, etc"], ["contract-interpretation", "Contract Interpretation", "Contract Interpretation"], ["interpretation-of-this-agreement", "Interpretation of This Agreement", "Interpretation of This Agreement"], ["interpretation-effect", "Interpretation; Effect", "Interpretation; Effect"]], "related_snippets": [], "updated": "2025-07-07T16:38:44+00:00", "also_ask": ["How can 'knowledge' qualifiers be strategically narrowed or expanded in negotiations?", "What are the essential elements to define 'knowledge' to avoid ambiguity?", "What risks arise from failing to specify actual vs. constructive knowledge?", "How do courts typically interpret 'knowledge' clauses in similar agreements?", "What drafting pitfalls could render the 'interpretation; knowledge' clause unenforceable?"], "drafting_tip": "Define 'knowledge' precisely to avoid ambiguity; specify whose knowledge is relevant to ensure clarity; include standards (actual or constructive) to ensure enforceability.", "explanation": "The 'Interpretation; Knowledge' clause defines how terms and statements within the contract should be understood, particularly regarding what constitutes a party's knowledge. It typically clarifies whether knowledge refers to actual awareness, constructive knowledge, or knowledge that should have been obtained through reasonable inquiry, and may specify which individuals' knowledge is relevant (such as officers or managers). This clause ensures consistency in interpreting obligations and representations, reducing ambiguity and potential disputes over what parties knew or should have known at the time of contracting."}, "json": true, "cursor": ""}}