Interim summary. In this section, I introduce the building blocks of the model. I define a representation as constituted by a set of unique elements with some properties and their axioms, optionally connected by at least one of three relations: precedence, correspondence, or dominance. I also show that a representation represents a full OT candidate, since it includes input and output elements, as well as the relation between the two sets of elements. Finally, I distinguish between instance, type, and kind of relations. This allows us to formulate Hypothesis I more precisely in terms of identity of types among correspondence relations.
Interim summary. In this section, I introduced some common axioms that apply to relations. In particular, I argue that I/O-Correspondence and φ-Correspondence are both heterogenous relations that adhere to the axioms of symmetric inverse and minimum distance. In section 2.1.3.2, I argue that two types of relations are of the same kind if and only if they share the exact same set of axioms. Since I/O-Correspondence and φ- Correspondence adhere to the same set of axioms, and no other axiom exists for either I/O-Correspondence or φ-Correspondence, I conclude that the model satisfies Hypothesis I, reproduced here: Hypothesis I (correspondence relation). I/O Correspondence, O/I Correspondence, and all φ-Correspondence relations are different types of the same kind of correspondence relation. This is a true, but purely theoretical statement that applies to the model defined so far. From chapter 3 on, I show that the proposed theory is empirically adequate and phonologically sound.
Interim summary. In this section, I introduce the four constraint schemas RELATE-X, UNIQUE-X, CONTIGUOUS-X, and IDENT-XY. I argue that the same definitions apply to both I/O- Correspondence and φ-Correspondence constraints, and that different effect on the representation is entirely due to the effects contingent the properties of the elements they act on. Given these definitions, I conclude that φ-Correspondence also satisfies Hypothesis II, reproduced below. Hypothesis II (correspondence constraints). For each relation type I/O Correspondence, O/I Correspondence, and all φ- Correspondence, there is a proper set of constraints that adhere to the same set of correspondence constraint schemas. (xv)
Interim summary. In this section, I briefly discuss some axioms of the other two relations in the model: precedence and dominance. Although the focus of this dissertation is on correspondence, I show that the definition of the relations in the system either sheds some light on the axiom of correspondence, or it has fundamental repercussions on the definition of correspondence relations and correspondence constraints.
Interim summary. In this section, I provide a definition of φ-heads. I show that assuming φ-heads does not require the definition of a new property, since prosodic heads are independently postulated. I also argue that the axiom on heads that applies to φ-heads naturally extends to the standard definition of other phonological heads. I also demonstrate how φ-heads are a main factor in the superficial distinction between I/O-Correspondence and φ-Correspondence and how their existence limits the set of possible structures permitted by the theory.
Interim summary. Formatted: Right: 0.63 cm Summarising across all methods and measures, cognitive functioning when assessed via objective test performance typically appeared to be worse when there was increased Formatted: Right: 0.63 cm unawareness. The key areas of cognitive function explored included executive and memory ability as well as intellectual functioning. By comparison, greater variation was seen in non-cognitive associates, in particular mood factors and self-ratings on non- cognitive functioning, which appeared dependent on both the associate factor explored and the specificity of the awareness domain assessed. Table 5: Significant associates by method of awareness and measure Method Measures with significant associates Positive associates (n=number of papers) More unawareness=higher/more X Patient-Proxy discrepancy AQ (n=9) Non-cognitive: DRS score; Apathy score (NPI); Increased damage in frontal regions; QoL and satisfaction with life self-ratings; Injury severity; Depression in close others (HADS); Self-esteem (RSES) PCRS (n=7) Non-cognitive: Injury severity Gender, Men showed greater unawareness than women Non-cognitive: Injury severity FrSBe (n=2) CIQ (n=2) DEX (n=2) Non-cognitive: Injury severity KAS (n=2) EBIQ (n=1) Non-cognitive: High optimism ratings MFIS (n=1) Non-cognitive: Symptoms of anxiety and depression MPAI-4 (n=1) NFI (n=1) TBIFI (n=1) Non-cognitive: Life satisfaction Total number of measures 11 Negative associates More unawareness=lower/less X di e Cognitive: Performance on EF tasks: WCST, SOPT; Perspective- taking; Line orientation performance; WM (LNSeq) Non-cognitive: Emotional distress (HADS total); Depression (HADS); Time since injury Cognitive: Performance on EF tasks; WCST, semantic fluency; Memory Non-cognitive: Emotional adjustment (KAS-relative); Younger age Non-cognitive: Pe amplitude; Time since injury Cognitive: Performance on EF tasks: response monitoring SOPT; IQ Non-cognitive: Low control/ambivalent ratings Non-cognitive: Emotional distress: Anxiety, stress; poorer psychosocial functioning (SPRS) Non-cognitive: NFI-Depression scores Non-cognitive: Work outcomes: CIQ Formatted: Top: 4 cm, Bottom: 2.54 cm, Header stance from edge: 1.25 cm, Footer distance from dge: 1.25 cm Clinician rated SADI (n=3) Non-cognitive: Increased severity Cognitive: Performance on EF tasks: SOPT, go-no-go, Stroop; Lower IQ Total number of measures Gender: Men showed greater unawareness (less accurate goal-setting) than women NBRS insight item (n=1) ...
Interim summary. The results above demonstrate that this group of FLL patients in fact showed adequate awareness of their difficulties, with no difference being seen between raters’ (self or informant) appraisal of the patients’ functioning. Time (pre- and post-surgery) was found to be significant, suggesting that both parties noticed and were able to identify changes following surgery, with both reporting an increase in difficulties overall. These findings, therefore, do not support our first hypothesis (H1).
Interim summary nominal and verbal agreement with numerals Having presented the data, in the next section, I turn to prospective analyses that could account for this diverse behavior of nominal and verbal elements which is triggered by the presence of specific numerals. Before going into existing approaches that address the apparent agreement mismatches involving numeral phrases, I give a summary of agreement patterns observed with each group of numerals. Table 7: Agreement with cardinal numbers Gender Numeral Adjective21 Noun Verb 1 Masculine M.SG.NOM M.SG.NOM M.SG.NOM X.XX Xxxxxxxx F.SG.NOM F.SG.NOM F.SG.NOM X.XX Neuter N.SG.NOM N.SG.NOM N.SG.NOM X.XX 2, 3, 4 X.XX Masculine N.PL.NOM M.SG.GEN X.XX Feminine F.PL.NOM F.SG.GEN X.XX Neuter N.PL.NOM N.SG.GEN X.XX 5+ X.XX Masculine M.PL.GEN M.PL.GEN X.XX X.XX Feminine F.PL.GEN F.PL.GEN X.XX X.XX Neuter N.PL.GEN N.PL.GEN X.XX 20 Constructions of this kind are used only in colloquial speech. 21 I do not include a separate column for demonstratives, as in terms of features, they behave the same as adjectives. Numeral 1 agrees with the noun that it modifies in phi-features as well as case features. Unlike other cardinal numbers, numeral 1 does not impose genitive case on the modified noun, and it does not affect verbal agreement. Word order within the nominal domain in terms of numeral – adjective distribution does not affect the forms these elements take, and does not modify the meaning of the sentence. Fronting the adjective (i.e. adjective is preceding the numeral) is used only for the emphatic purposes. Numerals 2, 3 and 4 modify nouns in their singular forms, imposing genitive case. The modifying adjectives appear in two forms, depending on the gender of the noun in question. If the modified noun is neuter or masculine, the adjective appears in its neuter plural form. If the noun is feminine, the adjective is feminine plural. All the modifying elements are in their nominative forms. The verbal agreement with masculine and neuter nouns is neuter plural, and with feminine nouns it is feminine plural. With masculine nouns, the verbal agreement can optionally be masculine plural (i.e. semantic agreement). Numeral – adjective ordering does not trigger any changes in either form or meaning. 5+ numerals and number noun sto „hundred‟ (but not stotina „hundred‟ and other number nouns which behave like masculine collectives) take plural nouns and force genitive case on them. The modifying adjectives agree with the noun in phi-features ...
Interim summary. From the research reviewed in this section, we have seen that offspring exposure to maternal stress during gestation can have long lasting detrimental effects on behavioural and emotional adjustment across the childhood years. Much of this impairment manifests as stress-related psychopathology such as depression. Furthermore, gross environmental adversity during childhood, specifically experience of child abuse and neglect (collectively termed child maltreatment), is also strongly associated with affective psychopathology, which manifests predominantly during adulthood. The effects of exposure to early life stress (prenatal maternal stress and child maltreatment) are argued to be mediated by generalised vulnerability to stress reactivity. This notion suggests that dysregulation in biological stress systems may be one putative mechanism for the biological embedding of adversity into vulnerability for stress- related disorders such as depression. Furthermore, the similarity in psychological outcomes between individuals exposed to gross adversity during childhood (i.e. child maltreatment) and during gestation (i.e. intrauterine exposure to maternal stress during pregnancy) resonates equifinality, further alluding to a shared underlying mechanism for the translation of psychosocial adversity into risk for affective psychopathology. The initial literature on foetal programming effects, as indexed by poor obstetric outcomes, demonstrated negative consequences on cardio-metabolic parameters. These findings support the notion of programming of biological systems relevant to chronic health conditions. Thus, the next section will review the literature on the effects of early life stress on neuroendocrine, inflammatory and metabolic systems. It will conceptualise these systems both as outcomes per se and as potential mediators for the biological embedding of adversity on risk for depression.
Interim summary. Agreement with postverbal subject in non-subject relatives (NSR)
