Ibidem Clause Samples

Ibidem. 97 Ivi, 163-164. mediante la formulazione di un giudizio sul loro valore. Si tratta quindi di valorizzare lo stato cristiano in cui si trova una filosofia articolata da un cristiano, indicandone le caratteristiche teoreticamente più rilevanti. In primo luogo, dalla riflessione cristiana la filosofia riceverà degli “apporti obiettivi”. Si tratta innanzitutto e principalmente di alcune categorie concettuali le quali, pur essendo di per sé di pertinenza filosofica, non ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ state indagate e valorizzate appieno prima dell’avvento del cristianesimo. Gli esempi scelti sono classici: il concetto di creazione; il concetto di una natura aperta ad un compimento per mano di un ordine soprannaturale che la eccede; l’idea di Dio come Esse subsistens; l’idea di peccato come offesa a Dio99. Per ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ si può dunque parlare di un vero e proprio «apport positif»100 della rivelazione cristiana alla ragione: ▇▇▇▇ si allinea quindi al suo collega medievista, sposando la formula gilsoniana che vuole la «révélation génératrice de raison»101. Maritain puntualizza però subito come tale espressione, «prise dans toute sa force», riguardi la teologia piuttosto che la filosofia; nondimeno, una sua contestualizzazione filosofica avrebbe il pregio di evidenziare specificamente quelle realtà rivelate che possono essere approcciate anche attraverso una indagine squisitamente razionale: «et une fois son attention attirée sur ces éléments, la philosophie les scrute selon son ordre à elle, qui est un ordre ascendant»102. Maritain annovera inoltre, tra gli apporti obiettivi, quelli che la filosofia potrà ricevere grazie alla sua ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ con la teologia rivelata, quando quest’ultima ne utilizzi strumentalmente per tentare una ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ comprensione dei misteri cristiani; anche in questo caso l’esempio è classico, e riguarda gli stimoli ricevuti dalla teologia trinitaria e dalla cristologia ad approfondire filosoficamente le tematiche ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ nozione metafisica di persona103. Inoltre, secondo Maritain un ambiente cristiano offrirà alla attività del filosofo anche alcuni «rafforzamenti soggettivi»104, dovuti sostanzialmente alla influenza positiva ▇▇▇ ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ e la teologia 99 Ibidem. 100 Ibidem. 101 Ivi, 166. 102 Ibidem. 103 Ivi, 168. 104 Ivi, 170. eserciterebbero sull’habitus filosofico del credente: esse cioè sosterrebbero il filosofo cristiano nella sua indagine, e gli permetterebbero di aderire più saldamente a quelle ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ giungerà attraverso il proprio metodo razionale; ...

Ibidem. 18 Oppressive clause that to be fully effective must be expressly approved in writing in compliance with Art. 1341 of the Italian Civil Code; in this respect, see appropriate expression at the bottom of this “Standard Agreement”

Ibidem. 98 Zie bijv. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇’s tocht, 71. 99 zah, nzav i, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 1995, Tweede Anglo-Boerenoorlog: bezoeken (brief H. Bij- leveld, 17 december 1900). 100 Stieber, ‘Paths of empowerment’, 113-118. 101 Zie voor overzichten bijvoorbeeld Het Nieuws van den Dag, 20 (Centraal Stati- on) en 21 (Paleis voor Volksvlijt) december 1900. 102 Aankomst van ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ te Amsterdam, 19 december 1900: ▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇/▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇/▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇/▇▇▇▇/▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇-▇▇- sterdam (juni 2016). 103 sa, Algemene Zaken, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 3364, Ingekomen en minuten van uitgaande stuk- ken 1900, indic. 23450 (brief ▇.▇. ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇.▇. ▇▇▇ b&w, 30 november 1900). 104 Het Nieuws van den Dag, 20 december 1900. 105 Het Nieuws van den Dag, 21 december 1900. H. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ had namens het ziekenhuis bij de Amsterdamse politie gevraagd of de stoet voor de deur even stil kon houden, maar dit verzoek werd afgewezen. (sa, Politie, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 755, Stukken betreffende bezoeken van buitenlandse staatslieden (brief H. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇- ▇▇▇, 16 december 1900.) 106 D.B.V., ‘President ▇▇▇▇▇▇ in de hoofdstad’, Eigen Haard, 26 (1900) 52, 831-832. 107 Een van deze collectebussen is bewaard gebleven in de collectie van het Zuid-Afrikahuis. Zie ook de advertentie van het Amsterdamsch Comité tot Hulp van de nagelaten betrekkingen in Transvaal en Oranje Vrijstaat in het Algemeen Handelsblad, 11 december 1899. 108 sa, Politie, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 755, Stukken betreffende bezoeken van buitenlandse staats- lieden (dagorder 6 december 1900). 109 Vanuit socialistische hoek werd met fluitconcerten tijdens de rijtoer overigens ook het ongenoegen over Vetter en het militaire optreden in Nederlands-Indië duidelijk gemaakt. (Zie bijv. Het Nieuws van den Dag, 7 juni 1895.) Bij de ont- vangst van ▇▇▇▇▇▇ in december 1900 bleven dergelijke protesten, van socialis- ten of andere tegenstanders, voor zover bekend volledig uit. 110 Zie ook hoofdstuk 5. 111 Algemeen Handelsblad, 20 december 1900. 112 ‘De Dam te Amsterdam en de Koningin op het bordes’, Eigen Haard, 19 (1893) 14, 308-310, aldaar 309. 113 De Standaard, 2 juli 1891 (zie ook de uitgave van 1 juli, waarin verwacht wordt dat de officiële ontvangst van ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇ ‘minder huiselijk’ zal zijn dan de ontvangst van de koninginnen). De taptoe zelf trok overigens de nodige bezoe- kers, wat nog voor problemen zou zorgen en uiteindelijk de stad het Taptoe- schandaal opleverde, maar ook hier leek de aandacht vooral op de koningin- nen gevestigd. Ook in de verdere kra...

Ibidem law relationship, that we do not deal with equal parity of parties, or this equality experiences a far-reaching limitation. This is mainly the case in consumer turn- over. Under such a consumer agreement, the undoubtedly weaker position should be attributed to the consumer.47 However, contrary to this de facto inequality of the parties, consumer agreements are not mentioned as an example of the imple- mentation of a non-consensual form of shaping a civil law relationship. The literature on the subject indicates that on the basis of civil law, when dis- cussing the issue of conventional legal relations, too little attention is paid to the “mechanical” classification of both parties to the legal relationship of the obliga- tory type as authorized entities.48 The obligation relationship, which provides for equality of parties, understood as the implementation of equal interests of parties equal to each other, is often an unidentifiable definition of the essence of the civil liability relationship. In general, within the limits set out in civil law, as part of a contractual relationship, there will be more or less uneven satisfaction of the interest of one of the parties in the resulting legal relationship. The principle of freedom of contract does not prejudge the actual implementation of the element of compliance of declarations of intent of the parties to the contract.49 It is un- acceptable to identify the concept of freedom of contract with the freedom of contracts.50 Therefore, the creators of the Tax Ordinance draft needlessly empha- size the question of the inability to balance (on the model of civil law) the party of the tax authority with the other party of the “tax agreement.” At this point, it is worth moving to analyze whether there are other legal regula- tions within the scope of financial law, tax law or criminal law (including proced- ural law), where a consensual method of settling a case or dispute resolution would be introduced. The example of criminal law will be referred to with a reason. The comparison of the manner in which the consensual method or effects of its use has been introduced makes sense only when this confrontation refers to the law sys- tem, where — as in tax law — the public interest plays a primacy over the private interest. Tax law is sometimes compared with criminal law, although there are no such links between these branches of law as in the case of administrative law and tax law.51 Criminal law (like tax law) belongs ...

Ibidem. Anoniem, Volledige officiële feestgids, 3. 47 Teleurstelling spreekt bijvoorbeeld duidelijk uit de brief van ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ aan het comité: sa, Uitvoerend Comité Aprilfeesten, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 12, Stukken betref- fende de jury, scannr. 22 en 23 (brief M. Reijngat aan ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 16 april 1887). 48 sa, Algemene Zaken, ▇▇▇.▇▇. 7082, Stukken betreffende de voorbereidingen van bezoeken van koning ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ (brief 12 april 1887). Vgl. onder hetzelfde nummer ook de brieven van bijvoorbeeld de bewoners van de Egelantiers- dwars-, Tuin- en Anjelierstraat, 9 april 1887; of de bewoners van de Zwanen- burgerstraat, 14 april 1887. 49 Ibidem (brief van F.G. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇., 16 april 1887). Deze opmerkingen hielden tevens verband met de gebeurtenissen tijdens het Palingoproer in 1886, zie ver- derop. 50 Zie voor het sociale aspect: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ‘Community’. Garrioch en ▇▇▇▇, ‘Intro- duction’. 51 Vgl. Faure, ‘Le local’, 493: ‘Le quartier populaire a pu être defini par un géo- graphe comme “l’éspace de l’interconnaissance”, c’est-à-dire là où chaque ha- bitant connait et fréquente le plus de monde, en quelque sorte l’environne- ment residential reconnu.’ Overigens moeten we dit gemeenschapsgevoel niet romantiseren; hiernaast bleef in veel gevallen ook een privésfeer bestaan: Fau- re, ‘Local life in working-class Paris’. Zie ook: Klein Kranenburg, ‘Samen voor ons eigen’, bijv. 100-107. 52 Historisch onderzoek naar dergelijke buurtgemeenschappen in Nederland is opvallend beperkt. Een goed en recent voorbeeld biedt het onderzoek van Die- ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Kranenburg naar de Haagse Schilderswijk in de twintigste eeuw (Klein Kranenburg, ‘Samen voor ons eigen’, zie hier p. 9-14 voor enkele histo- riografische opmerkingen). Vgl. voor Rotterdam: Blokland-Potters, Wat stadsbewoners bindt. Een klassiek voorbeeld uit de internationale literatuur is ▇▇▇▇▇ en ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ established and the outsiders. Zie ook: Borchert, ‘Urban neighbourhood and community’. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ‘Public space and local commu- nities’. 53 De verhouding tussen traditionalisme-modernisme is in veel van de hierboven genoemde literatuur een aandachtspunt. Een goed overzicht van deze proble- matiek biedt Lis en Soly, ‘Neighbourhood social change’. 54 Witkamp, ‘Amsterdamsche tooneelen’, 387. De Amsterdammer, 22 april 1900.

Ibidem. There is no legal definition of the term of an agreement in Polish legislation. The doctrine has, however, developed a universally accepted definition of an agreement as a legal act in which at least two parties are required and a con- sistent declaration of will of each of these parties is required.40 The provision of Art. 353 § 1 of the civil code defines an obligation as a legal relationship where one person (creditor) is entitled to demand fulfillment of the benefit, while the other (debtor) is obliged to perform the service.41 In the light of Art. 353¹ of the civil code, the most important are the limits of freedom of agreements set by the Act, the principles of social coexistence and the property (nature) of the legal relationship.42 An agreement in the scope which limits the freedom of one party’s economic activity, if it is no longer inconsistent with the law for other reasons, violates the general clause of the principles of social coexistence and is thus void (Art. 58 § 2 of the civil code).43 Entities that make decisions on the conclusion of an agreement within the meaning of civil law have the freedom to shape the content of the agreement. Accordingly, if the parties do not find it beneficial to implement their particular interests by agreeing on the content of the agreement, it is possible to decide not to conclude the agreement. At the plane of civil law, this mutual understanding consists, in principle, in balancing the will of both sides of the civil law relationship. The voluntary and consensual aspect, that is, consistent statements of the will of the people concluding the agreement, is something that characterizes contractual obligation relationships.44 Therefore, there is no doubt that the consensuality of legal acts is the rule. However, there are exceptions or rather special cases even from this rule also in civil law. It should be noted here that the civil legal relationship constituting the impli- cation of the concluded agreement is rarely able to fully meet the requirement of consistent statements of equal parties. Although the view of some representatives of the doctrine that the agreement came into effect “not by a consistent state- ment of two or more parties, but as a result of the party joining or an economically weaker party giving in to a model established by an economically stronger entre- preneur on the market” is accepted.45 The occurrence of borderline cases of con- sensus of the parties to the agreement is not possible...

Ibidem for compliance with the deadlines set out in the Directive by advisory commis- sions.46 However, such a solution still does not guarantee that proceedings will be streamlined in terms of speeding up their duration where the authorities dealing with the case are delayed. It would be worth considering a de lege ferenda pro- posal to establish a permanent EU body, under the supervision of the European Commission, to assist advisory committees in the conduct of arbitration proceed- ings and to monitor compliance with the time limits set.47 The second disadvantage the author sees in the procedure provided for in the Directive is that the taxpayer’s situation will be regularized in the first stage of the procedure when a complaint is rejected. Although the EU legislator has pro- vided a very detailed “safeguard” procedure before an advisory commission when a taxpayer’s complaint is rejected by one of the tax authorities involved, there is no similar solution if it is rejected by all tax authorities of the Member States involved. In such a situation, the complainant only has the option of having re- course to national remedies. It seems that such a regulation cannot be considered as a solution that would indeed fully meet the Directive’s ambitious objective of creating a complete and unified procedure for resolving double taxation dis- putes, which would at the same time be effective in securing the taxpayer’s pos- ition in the dispute and boosting his confidence in the tax system.

Ibidem. Vertaling van: ‘Là aussi régnait le cynisme (...) comme tant de nouveaux députés, avec le souci de l’intérêt général, la préoccupation dominante de la patrie (...).’ Na zijn eerste jaar was zijn vader zodanig gechoqueerd, vervolgt ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ niet zonder gevoel voor melodrama, dat zijn zenuwen het letterlijk begaven (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Les Deux Scandales, 18). Overigens had de bank van de familie (Siegfried & Compagnie) goed verdiend aan de Panamaonderneming; degene die daar concreet van profiteerde was waarschijnlijk niet ▇▇▇▇▇, maar zijn broer ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 110). De Kamerverkiezingen die ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ zijn zetel opleverden brachten weliswaar een republikeinse overwinning (367 afgevaardigden tegen 201 voor de conservatieven), maar niet ten opzichte van vier jaar eerder, toen de conservatieven slechts zo’n negentig zetels haalden.70 Zij verkleinden bovendien niet de kloof tussen de door ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ geleide opportunistes en de door ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ en ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ geleide radicaux van extrême gauche, na de verkiezingen geschat op een honderdtal, maar waarbij nog zo’n veertig ‘gewone’ radicaux komen die ideologisch dichtbij stonden.71 Die kloof, die samen met de eerdergenoemde fluïde ideologische grenzen een stabiel tweepartijenstelsel onmogelijk maakte, kwam eind 1881 reeds aan het licht, toen behalve diverse opportunistes ook prominente radicaux (onder wie ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇) weigerden om zitting te nemen in de regering ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ en zo haar lot vroegtijdig bezegelden. Ook was er ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ aanval op Ferry in maart 1885 naar aanleiding van een koloniaal incident in Indochina (het Tonkin incident), die het doek begin april deed vallen voor ▇▇▇▇▇’▇ regering. Vooral tegen zijn koloniale politiek bestond brede oppositie: conservatieven benadrukten de kosten, radicaux de morele tegenargumenten en de afleiding die het beleid vormde van revanche voor het verlies van Elzas en Lotharingen.72 Bij tijden aarzelden radicaux bovendien niet om met de conservatieven samen te werken, als ze daarmee de opportunistes, die met zo’n 200 zetels niet over een Kamermeerderheid beschikten, konden dwarsbomen.73 En bij voornoemde verkiezingen van 1885 presenteerden de groepen zoals opgemerkt in talrijke departementen concurrerende kandidatenlijsten. Slechts na een conservatieve overwinning in de eerste ronde slaagden de republikeinen erin zich te verenigen. De radical ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ nam het stokje over van ▇▇▇▇▇ en presenteerde op 6 april een nieuw kabinet, met ministers uit verschillende repub...

Ibidem concessions and is concluded within the limits of the law by acceptance of the arrangements by the tax authority and the part, in particular.” The authority was to rule on the conclusion of an “administrative agreement” — in accordance with the provisions of the draft of the act amending the APC. At the same time, this regulation obligated the public administration authority to indicate in the negative decision issued on the conclusion of an “administrative agreement” the factual and legal circumstances that constitute grounds for refusal to conclude this agreement (Art. 113e § 3 of the Act amending the APC). The administrative proceedings are structured as inquisitorial proceedings, in which the governing body has a superordinate position over the party.33 And still, moving on the subject of introducing a consensual dispute resolution mechanism, one can notice that the need for non-arbitrary action is observed. In the opinion of 16 September 2016 issued in relation to the draft of amending the APC, the proposition of the wording of the provision of Art. 113e § 3 of the draft of the Act amending the APC was criticized due to the lack of specification in this regulation of detailed premises that would condition or determine the possibility of the authority to refuse to conclude the agreement. Moreover, it was alleged that the establishment of such a record would be tantamount to a violation of the principle of specificity. At this point, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the Tax Ordinance draft does not contain information on the justification of the negative decision regard- ing the conclusion of a “tax agreement.” This should raise doubts. In the opinion of the authors of the Tax Ordinance draft, in both configurations, the tax agree- ment would have a consensual nature for both entities related to it. The above statement raises doubts. Finally, the tax authority enjoys a privileged position, so it seems reasonable to say that in this case, we will not have to deal, if not with the failure to implement a consensual model of dispute resolution, then certainly with its serious limitation. The question regarding the risk of violation of the prin- ciple of specificity is also updated. In addition, in the justification of the draft of the act amending the APC, it was noted that the introduction of an “administrative agreement” into the administra- tive law would not infringe the essence of administrative matters by the authority through a ruling ac...